render/vulkan: add Vulkan renderer

This new renderer is implemented with the existing wlr_renderer API
(which is known to be sub-optimal for some operations). It's not
used by default, but users can opt-in by setting WLR_RENDERER=vulkan.

The renderer depends on VK_EXT_image_drm_format_modifier and
VK_EXT_physical_device_drm.

Co-authored-by: Simon Ser <contact@emersion.fr>
Co-authored-by: Jan Beich <jbeich@FreeBSD.org>

12 files changed, 3358 insertions, 1 deletions

diff --git a/render/meson.build b/render/meson.build
index b35ba7c9..2d651887 100644
--- a/render/meson.build
+++ b/render/meson.build
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 renderers = get_option('renderers')
 if 'auto' in renderers and get_option('auto_features').enabled()
-	renderers = ['gles2']
+	renderers = ['gles2', 'vulkan']
 elif 'auto' in renderers and get_option('auto_features').disabled()
 	renderers = []
 endif
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ if 'gles2' in renderers or 'auto' in renderers
 	subdir('gles2')
 endif
 
+if 'vulkan' in renderers or 'auto' in renderers
+	subdir('vulkan')
+endif
+
 subdir('pixman')
 
 subdir('allocator')
diff --git a/render/vulkan/meson.build b/render/vulkan/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b9ce840
--- /dev/null
+++ b/render/vulkan/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+msg = []
+if 'vulkan' in renderers
+	msg += 'Install "@0@" or pass "-Dvulkan=disabled" to disable it.'
+else
+	msg += 'Required for vulkan renderer support.'
+endif
+
+dep_vulkan = dependency('vulkan',
+	version: '>=1.2.182',
+	required: 'vulkan' in renderers,
+	not_found_message: '\n'.join(msg).format('vulkan')
+)
+
+if not dep_vulkan.found()
+	subdir_done()
+endif
+
+glslang = find_program('glslangValidator', native: true, required: false)
+if not glslang.found()
+	if 'vulkan' in renderers
+		error('\n'.join(msg).format('glslang'))
+	else
+		subdir_done()
+	endif
+endif
+
+wlr_files += files(
+	'renderer.c',
+	'texture.c',
+	'vulkan.c',
+	'util.c',
+	'pixel_format.c',
+)
+
+wlr_deps += dep_vulkan
+features += { 'vulkan-renderer': true }
+
+subdir('shaders')
diff --git a/render/vulkan/pixel_format.c b/render/vulkan/pixel_format.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cfab5ffe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/render/vulkan/pixel_format.c
@@ -0,0 +1,325 @@
+#include <drm_fourcc.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
+#include <wlr/util/log.h>
+#include "render/vulkan.h"
+
+// Reversed endianess of shm and vulkan format names
+static const struct wlr_vk_format formats[] = {
+	{
+		.drm_format = DRM_FORMAT_ARGB8888,
+		.vk_format = VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB,
+	},
+	{
+		.drm_format = DRM_FORMAT_XRGB8888,
+		.vk_format = VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB,
+	},
+	{
+		.drm_format = DRM_FORMAT_XBGR8888,
+		.vk_format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB,
+	},
+	{
+		.drm_format = DRM_FORMAT_ABGR8888,
+		.vk_format = VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB,
+	},
+};
+
+const struct wlr_vk_format *vulkan_get_format_list(size_t *len) {
+	*len = sizeof(formats) / sizeof(formats[0]);
+	return formats;
+}
+
+const struct wlr_vk_format *vulkan_get_format_from_drm(uint32_t drm_format) {
+	for (unsigned i = 0; i < sizeof(formats) / sizeof(formats[0]); ++i) {
+		if (formats[i].drm_format == drm_format) {
+			return &formats[i];
+		}
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static const VkImageUsageFlags render_usage =
+	VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;
+static const VkImageUsageFlags tex_usage =
+	VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT |
+	VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
+static const VkImageUsageFlags dma_tex_usage =
+	VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
+
+static const VkFormatFeatureFlags tex_features =
+	VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT |
+	VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT |
+	VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_BIT |
+	// NOTE: we don't strictly require this, we could create a NEAREST
+	// sampler for formats that need it, in case this ever makes problems.
+	VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_FILTER_LINEAR_BIT;
+static const VkFormatFeatureFlags render_features =
+	VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT |
+	VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BLEND_BIT;
+static const VkFormatFeatureFlags dma_tex_features =
+	VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_BIT |
+	// NOTE: we don't strictly require this, we could create a NEAREST
+	// sampler for formats that need it, in case this ever makes problems.
+	VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_FILTER_LINEAR_BIT;
+
+static bool query_modifier_support(struct wlr_vk_device *dev,
+		struct wlr_vk_format_props *props, size_t modifier_count,
+		VkPhysicalDeviceImageFormatInfo2 fmti) {
+	VkResult res;
+
+	VkFormatProperties2 fmtp = {0};
+	fmtp.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FORMAT_PROPERTIES_2;
+
+	VkDrmFormatModifierPropertiesListEXT modp = {0};
+	modp.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DRM_FORMAT_MODIFIER_PROPERTIES_LIST_EXT;
+	modp.drmFormatModifierCount = modifier_count;
+	fmtp.pNext = &modp;
+
+	// the first call to vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties2 did only
+	// retrieve the number of modifiers, we now have to retrieve
+	// the modifiers
+	modp.pDrmFormatModifierProperties = calloc(modifier_count,
+		sizeof(*modp.pDrmFormatModifierProperties));
+	if (!modp.pDrmFormatModifierProperties) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "Allocation failed");
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties2(dev->phdev,
+		props->format.vk_format, &fmtp);
+
+	props->render_mods = calloc(modp.drmFormatModifierCount,
+		sizeof(*props->render_mods));
+	if (!props->render_mods) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "Allocation failed");
+		free(modp.pDrmFormatModifierProperties);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	props->texture_mods = calloc(modp.drmFormatModifierCount,
+		sizeof(*props->texture_mods));
+	if (!props->texture_mods) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "Allocation failed");
+		free(modp.pDrmFormatModifierProperties);
+		free(props->render_mods);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	// detailed check
+	// format info
+	// only added if dmabuf/drm_fmt_ext supported
+	VkPhysicalDeviceExternalImageFormatInfo efmti = {0};
+	efmti.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_EXTERNAL_IMAGE_FORMAT_INFO;
+	efmti.handleType = VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_DMA_BUF_BIT_EXT;
+
+	fmti.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_DRM_FORMAT_MODIFIER_EXT;
+	fmti.pNext = &efmti;
+
+	VkPhysicalDeviceImageDrmFormatModifierInfoEXT modi = {0};
+	modi.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_IMAGE_DRM_FORMAT_MODIFIER_INFO_EXT;
+	modi.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
+	efmti.pNext = &modi;
+
+	// format properties
+	VkExternalImageFormatProperties efmtp = {0};
+	efmtp.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_IMAGE_FORMAT_PROPERTIES;
+
+	VkImageFormatProperties2 ifmtp = {0};
+	ifmtp.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_FORMAT_PROPERTIES_2;
+	ifmtp.pNext = &efmtp;
+	const VkExternalMemoryProperties *emp = &efmtp.externalMemoryProperties;
+
+	bool found = false;
+
+	for (unsigned i = 0u; i < modp.drmFormatModifierCount; ++i) {
+		VkDrmFormatModifierPropertiesEXT m =
+			modp.pDrmFormatModifierProperties[i];
+		wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "  modifier: 0x%"PRIx64 ": features 0x%"PRIx32", %d planes",
+			m.drmFormatModifier, m.drmFormatModifierTilingFeatures,
+			m.drmFormatModifierPlaneCount);
+
+		// check that specific modifier for render usage
+		if ((m.drmFormatModifierTilingFeatures & render_features) == render_features) {
+			fmti.usage = render_usage;
+
+			modi.drmFormatModifier = m.drmFormatModifier;
+			res = vkGetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2(
+				dev->phdev, &fmti, &ifmtp);
+			if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+				if (res != VK_ERROR_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED) {
+					wlr_vk_error("vkGetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2",
+						res);
+				}
+
+				wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "    >> rendering: format not supported");
+			} else if (emp->externalMemoryFeatures &
+					VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_FEATURE_IMPORTABLE_BIT) {
+				unsigned c = props->render_mod_count;
+				VkExtent3D me = ifmtp.imageFormatProperties.maxExtent;
+				VkExternalMemoryProperties emp = efmtp.externalMemoryProperties;
+				props->render_mods[c].props = m;
+				props->render_mods[c].max_extent.width = me.width;
+				props->render_mods[c].max_extent.height = me.height;
+				props->render_mods[c].dmabuf_flags = emp.externalMemoryFeatures;
+				props->render_mods[c].export_imported =
+					(emp.exportFromImportedHandleTypes &
+					 VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_DMA_BUF_BIT_EXT);
+				++props->render_mod_count;
+
+				found = true;
+				wlr_drm_format_set_add(&dev->dmabuf_render_formats,
+					props->format.drm_format, m.drmFormatModifier);
+
+				wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "    >> rendering: supported");
+			} else {
+				wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "    >> rendering: importing not supported");
+			}
+		} else {
+			wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "    >> rendering: format features not supported");
+		}
+
+		// check that specific modifier for texture usage
+		if ((m.drmFormatModifierTilingFeatures & dma_tex_features) == dma_tex_features) {
+			fmti.usage = dma_tex_usage;
+
+			modi.drmFormatModifier = m.drmFormatModifier;
+			res = vkGetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2(
+				dev->phdev, &fmti, &ifmtp);
+			if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+				if (res != VK_ERROR_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED) {
+					wlr_vk_error("vkGetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2",
+						res);
+				}
+
+				wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "    >> dmatex: format not supported");
+			} else if (emp->externalMemoryFeatures &
+					VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_FEATURE_IMPORTABLE_BIT) {
+				unsigned c = props->texture_mod_count;
+				VkExtent3D me = ifmtp.imageFormatProperties.maxExtent;
+				VkExternalMemoryProperties emp = efmtp.externalMemoryProperties;
+				props->texture_mods[c].props = m;
+				props->texture_mods[c].max_extent.width = me.width;
+				props->texture_mods[c].max_extent.height = me.height;
+				props->texture_mods[c].dmabuf_flags = emp.externalMemoryFeatures;
+				props->texture_mods[c].export_imported =
+					(emp.exportFromImportedHandleTypes &
+					 VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_DMA_BUF_BIT_EXT);
+				++props->texture_mod_count;
+
+				found = true;
+				wlr_drm_format_set_add(&dev->dmabuf_texture_formats,
+					props->format.drm_format, m.drmFormatModifier);
+
+				wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "    >> dmatex: supported");
+			} else {
+				wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "    >> dmatex: importing not supported");
+			}
+		} else {
+			wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "    >> dmatex: format features not supported");
+		}
+	}
+
+	free(modp.pDrmFormatModifierProperties);
+	return found;
+}
+
+void vulkan_format_props_query(struct wlr_vk_device *dev,
+		const struct wlr_vk_format *format) {
+
+	wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "vulkan: Checking support for format %.4s (0x%" PRIx32 ")",
+		(const char *)&format->drm_format, format->drm_format);
+	VkResult res;
+
+	// get general features and modifiers
+	VkFormatProperties2 fmtp = {0};
+	fmtp.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FORMAT_PROPERTIES_2;
+
+	VkDrmFormatModifierPropertiesListEXT modp = {0};
+	modp.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DRM_FORMAT_MODIFIER_PROPERTIES_LIST_EXT;
+	fmtp.pNext = &modp;
+
+	vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties2(dev->phdev,
+		format->vk_format, &fmtp);
+
+	// detailed check
+	VkPhysicalDeviceImageFormatInfo2 fmti = {0};
+	fmti.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_IMAGE_FORMAT_INFO_2;
+	fmti.type = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
+	fmti.format = format->vk_format;
+
+	VkImageFormatProperties2 ifmtp = {0};
+	ifmtp.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_FORMAT_PROPERTIES_2;
+
+	bool add_fmt_props = false;
+	struct wlr_vk_format_props props = {0};
+	props.format = *format;
+
+	wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "  drmFormatModifierCount: %d", modp.drmFormatModifierCount);
+	if (modp.drmFormatModifierCount > 0) {
+		add_fmt_props |= query_modifier_support(dev, &props,
+			modp.drmFormatModifierCount, fmti);
+	}
+
+	// non-dmabuf texture properties
+	if (fmtp.formatProperties.optimalTilingFeatures & tex_features) {
+		fmti.pNext = NULL;
+		ifmtp.pNext = NULL;
+		fmti.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
+		fmti.usage = tex_usage;
+
+		res = vkGetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2(
+			dev->phdev, &fmti, &ifmtp);
+		if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+			if (res != VK_ERROR_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED) {
+				wlr_vk_error("vkGetPhysicalDeviceImageFormatProperties2",
+					res);
+			}
+
+			wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, " >> shmtex: format not supported");
+		} else {
+			VkExtent3D me = ifmtp.imageFormatProperties.maxExtent;
+			props.max_extent.width = me.width;
+			props.max_extent.height = me.height;
+			props.features = fmtp.formatProperties.optimalTilingFeatures;
+
+			wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, " >> shmtex: supported");
+
+			dev->shm_formats[dev->shm_format_count] = format->drm_format;
+			++dev->shm_format_count;
+
+			add_fmt_props = true;
+		}
+	} else {
+		wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, " >> shmtex: format features not supported");
+	}
+
+	if (add_fmt_props) {
+		dev->format_props[dev->format_prop_count] = props;
+		++dev->format_prop_count;
+	}
+}
+
+void vulkan_format_props_finish(struct wlr_vk_format_props *props) {
+	free(props->texture_mods);
+	free(props->render_mods);
+}
+
+struct wlr_vk_format_modifier_props *vulkan_format_props_find_modifier(
+		struct wlr_vk_format_props *props, uint64_t mod, bool render) {
+	if (render) {
+		for (unsigned i = 0u; i < props->render_mod_count; ++i) {
+			if (props->render_mods[i].props.drmFormatModifier == mod) {
+				return &props->render_mods[i];
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		for (unsigned i = 0u; i < props->texture_mod_count; ++i) {
+			if (props->texture_mods[i].props.drmFormatModifier == mod) {
+				return &props->texture_mods[i];
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
diff --git a/render/vulkan/renderer.c b/render/vulkan/renderer.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4fae81a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/render/vulkan/renderer.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1540 @@
+#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200809L
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <drm_fourcc.h>
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
+#include <wlr/render/interface.h>
+#include <wlr/types/wlr_drm.h>
+#include <wlr/types/wlr_matrix.h>
+#include <wlr/util/box.h>
+#include <wlr/util/log.h>
+#include <wlr/render/vulkan.h>
+#include <wlr/backend/interface.h>
+#include <wlr/types/wlr_linux_dmabuf_v1.h>
+
+#include "render/pixel_format.h"
+#include "render/vulkan.h"
+#include "render/vulkan/shaders/common.vert.h"
+#include "render/vulkan/shaders/texture.frag.h"
+#include "render/vulkan/shaders/quad.frag.h"
+#include "types/wlr_buffer.h"
+
+// TODO:
+// - simplify stage allocation, don't track allocations but use ringbuffer-like
+// - use a pipeline cache (not sure when to save though, after every pipeline
+//   creation?)
+// - create pipelines as derivatives of each other
+// - evaluate if creating VkDeviceMemory pools is a good idea.
+//   We can expect wayland client images to be fairly large (and shouldn't
+//   have more than 4k of those I guess) but pooling memory allocations
+//   might still be a good idea.
+
+static const VkDeviceSize min_stage_size = 1024 * 1024; // 1MB
+static const VkDeviceSize max_stage_size = 64 * min_stage_size; // 64MB
+static const size_t start_descriptor_pool_size = 256u;
+static bool default_debug = true;
+
+static const struct wlr_renderer_impl renderer_impl;
+
+struct wlr_vk_renderer *vulkan_get_renderer(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	assert(wlr_renderer->impl == &renderer_impl);
+	return (struct wlr_vk_renderer *)wlr_renderer;
+}
+
+static struct wlr_vk_render_format_setup *find_or_create_render_setup(
+		struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer, VkFormat format);
+
+// vertex shader push constant range data
+struct vert_pcr_data {
+	float mat4[4][4];
+	float uv_off[2];
+	float uv_size[2];
+};
+
+// https://www.w3.org/Graphics/Color/srgb
+static float color_to_linear(float non_linear) {
+	return (non_linear > 0.04045) ?
+		pow((non_linear + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4) :
+		non_linear / 12.92;
+}
+
+// renderer
+// util
+static void mat3_to_mat4(const float mat3[9], float mat4[4][4]) {
+	memset(mat4, 0, sizeof(float) * 16);
+	mat4[0][0] = mat3[0];
+	mat4[0][1] = mat3[1];
+	mat4[0][3] = mat3[2];
+
+	mat4[1][0] = mat3[3];
+	mat4[1][1] = mat3[4];
+	mat4[1][3] = mat3[5];
+
+	mat4[2][2] = 1.f;
+	mat4[3][3] = 1.f;
+}
+
+struct wlr_vk_descriptor_pool *vulkan_alloc_texture_ds(
+		struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer, VkDescriptorSet *ds) {
+	VkResult res;
+	VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo ds_info = {0};
+	ds_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+	ds_info.descriptorSetCount = 1;
+	ds_info.pSetLayouts = &renderer->ds_layout;
+
+	bool found = false;
+	struct wlr_vk_descriptor_pool *pool;
+	wl_list_for_each(pool, &renderer->descriptor_pools, link) {
+		if (pool->free > 0) {
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!found) { // create new pool
+		pool = calloc(1, sizeof(*pool));
+		if (!pool) {
+			wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "allocation failed");
+			return NULL;
+		}
+
+		size_t count = renderer->last_pool_size;
+		if (!count) {
+			count = start_descriptor_pool_size;
+		}
+
+		pool->free = count;
+		VkDescriptorPoolSize pool_size = {0};
+		pool_size.descriptorCount = count;
+		pool_size.type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
+
+		VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo dpool_info = {0};
+		dpool_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
+		dpool_info.maxSets = count;
+		dpool_info.poolSizeCount = 1;
+		dpool_info.pPoolSizes = &pool_size;
+		dpool_info.flags = VK_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_FREE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_BIT;
+
+		res = vkCreateDescriptorPool(renderer->dev->dev, &dpool_info, NULL,
+			&pool->pool);
+		if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+			wlr_vk_error("vkCreateDescriptorPool", res);
+			free(pool);
+			return NULL;
+		}
+
+		wl_list_insert(&renderer->descriptor_pools, &pool->link);
+	}
+
+	ds_info.descriptorPool = pool->pool;
+	res = vkAllocateDescriptorSets(renderer->dev->dev, &ds_info, ds);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkAllocateDescriptorSets", res);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	--pool->free;
+	return pool;
+}
+
+void vulkan_free_ds(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
+		struct wlr_vk_descriptor_pool *pool, VkDescriptorSet ds) {
+	vkFreeDescriptorSets(renderer->dev->dev, pool->pool, 1, &ds);
+	++pool->free;
+}
+
+static void destroy_render_format_setup(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
+		struct wlr_vk_render_format_setup *setup) {
+	if (!setup) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
+	vkDestroyRenderPass(dev, setup->render_pass, NULL);
+	vkDestroyPipeline(dev, setup->tex_pipe, NULL);
+	vkDestroyPipeline(dev, setup->quad_pipe, NULL);
+}
+
+static void shared_buffer_destroy(struct wlr_vk_renderer *r,
+		struct wlr_vk_shared_buffer *buffer) {
+	if (!buffer) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (buffer->allocs_size > 0) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "shared_buffer_finish: %d allocations left",
+			(unsigned) buffer->allocs_size);
+	}
+
+	free(buffer->allocs);
+	if (buffer->buffer) {
+		vkDestroyBuffer(r->dev->dev, buffer->buffer, NULL);
+	}
+	if (buffer->memory) {
+		vkFreeMemory(r->dev->dev, buffer->memory, NULL);
+	}
+
+	wl_list_remove(&buffer->link);
+	free(buffer);
+}
+
+static void release_stage_allocations(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_shared_buffer *buf;
+	wl_list_for_each(buf, &renderer->stage.buffers, link) {
+		buf->allocs_size = 0u;
+	}
+}
+
+struct wlr_vk_buffer_span vulkan_get_stage_span(struct wlr_vk_renderer *r,
+		VkDeviceSize size) {
+	// try to find free span
+	// simple greedy allocation algorithm - should be enough for this usecase
+	// since all allocations are freed together after the frame
+	struct wlr_vk_shared_buffer *buf;
+	wl_list_for_each_reverse(buf, &r->stage.buffers, link) {
+		VkDeviceSize start = 0u;
+		if (buf->allocs_size > 0) {
+			struct wlr_vk_allocation *last = &buf->allocs[buf->allocs_size - 1];
+			start = last->start + last->size;
+		}
+
+		assert(start <= buf->buf_size);
+		if (buf->buf_size - start < size) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		++buf->allocs_size;
+		if (buf->allocs_size > buf->allocs_capacity) {
+			buf->allocs_capacity = buf->allocs_size * 2;
+			void *allocs = realloc(buf->allocs,
+				buf->allocs_capacity * sizeof(*buf->allocs));
+			if (!allocs) {
+				wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "Allocation failed");
+				goto error_alloc;
+			}
+
+			buf->allocs = allocs;
+		}
+
+		struct wlr_vk_allocation *a = &buf->allocs[buf->allocs_size - 1];
+		a->start = start;
+		a->size = size;
+		return (struct wlr_vk_buffer_span) {
+			.buffer = buf,
+			.alloc = *a,
+		};
+	}
+
+	// we didn't find a free buffer - create one
+	// size = clamp(max(size * 2, prev_size * 2), min_size, max_size)
+	VkDeviceSize bsize = size * 2;
+	bsize = bsize < min_stage_size ? min_stage_size : bsize;
+	if (!wl_list_empty(&r->stage.buffers)) {
+		struct wl_list *last_link = r->stage.buffers.prev;
+		struct wlr_vk_shared_buffer *prev = wl_container_of(
+			last_link, prev, link);
+		VkDeviceSize last_size = 2 * prev->buf_size;
+		bsize = bsize < last_size ? last_size : bsize;
+	}
+
+	if (bsize > max_stage_size) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_INFO, "vulkan stage buffers have reached max size");
+		bsize = max_stage_size;
+	}
+
+	// create buffer
+	buf = calloc(1, sizeof(*buf));
+	if (!buf) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "Allocation failed");
+		goto error_alloc;
+	}
+
+	VkResult res;
+	VkBufferCreateInfo buf_info = {0};
+	buf_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
+	buf_info.size = bsize;
+	buf_info.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT |
+		VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
+	buf_info.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
+	res = vkCreateBuffer(r->dev->dev, &buf_info, NULL, &buf->buffer);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateBuffer", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	VkMemoryRequirements mem_reqs;
+	vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(r->dev->dev, buf->buffer, &mem_reqs);
+
+	VkMemoryAllocateInfo mem_info = {0};
+	mem_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+	mem_info.allocationSize = mem_reqs.size;
+	mem_info.memoryTypeIndex = vulkan_find_mem_type(r->dev,
+		VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
+		VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, mem_reqs.memoryTypeBits);
+	res = vkAllocateMemory(r->dev->dev, &mem_info, NULL, &buf->memory);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkAllocatorMemory", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	res = vkBindBufferMemory(r->dev->dev, buf->buffer, buf->memory, 0);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkBindBufferMemory", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	size_t start_count = 8u;
+	buf->allocs = calloc(start_count, sizeof(*buf->allocs));
+	if (!buf->allocs) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "Allocation failed");
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "Created new vk staging buffer of size %" PRIu64, bsize);
+	buf->buf_size = bsize;
+	wl_list_insert(&r->stage.buffers, &buf->link);
+
+	buf->allocs_capacity = start_count;
+	buf->allocs_size = 1u;
+	buf->allocs[0].start = 0u;
+	buf->allocs[0].size = size;
+	return (struct wlr_vk_buffer_span) {
+		.buffer = buf,
+		.alloc = buf->allocs[0],
+	};
+
+error:
+	shared_buffer_destroy(r, buf);
+
+error_alloc:
+	return (struct wlr_vk_buffer_span) {
+		.buffer = NULL,
+		.alloc = (struct wlr_vk_allocation) {0, 0},
+	};
+}
+
+VkCommandBuffer vulkan_record_stage_cb(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
+	if (!renderer->stage.recording) {
+		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo begin_info = {0};
+		begin_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
+		vkBeginCommandBuffer(renderer->stage.cb, &begin_info);
+		renderer->stage.recording = true;
+	}
+
+	return renderer->stage.cb;
+}
+
+bool vulkan_submit_stage_wait(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
+	if (!renderer->stage.recording) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	vkEndCommandBuffer(renderer->stage.cb);
+	renderer->stage.recording = false;
+
+	VkSubmitInfo submit_info = {0};
+	submit_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
+	submit_info.commandBufferCount = 1u;
+	submit_info.pCommandBuffers = &renderer->stage.cb;
+	VkResult res = vkQueueSubmit(renderer->dev->queue, 1,
+		&submit_info, renderer->fence);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkQueueSubmit", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	res = vkWaitForFences(renderer->dev->dev, 1, &renderer->fence, true,
+		UINT64_MAX);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkWaitForFences", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	// NOTE: don't release stage allocations here since they may still be
+	// used for reading. Will be done next frame.
+	res = vkResetFences(renderer->dev->dev, 1, &renderer->fence);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkResetFences", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+struct wlr_vk_format_props *vulkan_format_props_from_drm(
+		struct wlr_vk_device *dev, uint32_t drm_fmt) {
+	for (size_t i = 0u; i < dev->format_prop_count; ++i) {
+		if (dev->format_props[i].format.drm_format == drm_fmt) {
+			return &dev->format_props[i];
+		}
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+// buffer import
+static void destroy_render_buffer(struct wlr_vk_render_buffer *buffer) {
+	wl_list_remove(&buffer->link);
+	wl_list_remove(&buffer->buffer_destroy.link);
+
+	assert(buffer->renderer->current_render_buffer != buffer);
+
+	VkDevice dev = buffer->renderer->dev->dev;
+
+	vkDestroyFramebuffer(dev, buffer->framebuffer, NULL);
+	vkDestroyImageView(dev, buffer->image_view, NULL);
+	vkDestroyImage(dev, buffer->image, NULL);
+
+	for (size_t i = 0u; i < buffer->mem_count; ++i) {
+		vkFreeMemory(dev, buffer->memories[i], NULL);
+	}
+
+	free(buffer);
+}
+
+static struct wlr_vk_render_buffer *get_render_buffer(
+		struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer, struct wlr_buffer *wlr_buffer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_render_buffer *buffer;
+	wl_list_for_each(buffer, &renderer->render_buffers, link) {
+		if (buffer->wlr_buffer == wlr_buffer) {
+			return buffer;
+		}
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static void handle_render_buffer_destroy(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
+	struct wlr_vk_render_buffer *buffer =
+		wl_container_of(listener, buffer, buffer_destroy);
+	destroy_render_buffer(buffer);
+}
+
+static struct wlr_vk_render_buffer *create_render_buffer(
+		struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer, struct wlr_buffer *wlr_buffer) {
+	VkResult res;
+
+	struct wlr_vk_render_buffer *buffer = calloc(1, sizeof(*buffer));
+	if (buffer == NULL) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "Allocation failed");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	buffer->wlr_buffer = wlr_buffer;
+	buffer->renderer = renderer;
+
+	struct wlr_dmabuf_attributes dmabuf = {0};
+	if (!wlr_buffer_get_dmabuf(wlr_buffer, &dmabuf)) {
+		goto error_buffer;
+	}
+
+	wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "vulkan create_render_buffer: %.4s, %dx%d",
+		(const char*) &dmabuf.format, dmabuf.width, dmabuf.height);
+
+	// NOTE: we could at least support WLR_DMABUF_ATTRIBUTES_FLAGS_Y_INVERT
+	// if it is needed by anyone. Can be implemented using negative viewport
+	// height or flipping matrix.
+	if (dmabuf.flags != 0) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "dmabuf flags %x not supported/implemented on vulkan",
+			dmabuf.flags);
+		goto error_buffer;
+	}
+
+	buffer->image = vulkan_import_dmabuf(renderer, &dmabuf,
+		buffer->memories, &buffer->mem_count, true);
+	if (!buffer->image) {
+		goto error_buffer;
+	}
+
+	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
+	const struct wlr_vk_format_props *fmt = vulkan_format_props_from_drm(
+		renderer->dev, dmabuf.format);
+	if (fmt == NULL) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Unsupported pixel format %"PRIx32 " (%.4s)",
+			dmabuf.format, (const char*) &dmabuf.format);
+		goto error_buffer;
+	}
+
+	VkImageViewCreateInfo view_info = {0};
+	view_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
+	view_info.image = buffer->image;
+	view_info.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
+	view_info.format = fmt->format.vk_format;
+	view_info.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+	view_info.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+	view_info.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+	view_info.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+	view_info.subresourceRange = (VkImageSubresourceRange) {
+		VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 1
+	};
+
+	res = vkCreateImageView(dev, &view_info, NULL, &buffer->image_view);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateImageView failed", res);
+		goto error_view;
+	}
+
+	buffer->render_setup = find_or_create_render_setup(
+		renderer, fmt->format.vk_format);
+	if (!buffer->render_setup) {
+		goto error_view;
+	}
+
+	VkFramebufferCreateInfo fb_info = {0};
+	fb_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
+	fb_info.attachmentCount = 1u;
+	fb_info.pAttachments = &buffer->image_view;
+	fb_info.flags = 0u;
+	fb_info.width = dmabuf.width;
+	fb_info.height = dmabuf.height;
+	fb_info.layers = 1u;
+	fb_info.renderPass = buffer->render_setup->render_pass;
+
+	res = vkCreateFramebuffer(dev, &fb_info, NULL, &buffer->framebuffer);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateFramebuffer", res);
+		goto error_view;
+	}
+
+	buffer->buffer_destroy.notify = handle_render_buffer_destroy;
+	wl_signal_add(&wlr_buffer->events.destroy, &buffer->buffer_destroy);
+	wl_list_insert(&renderer->render_buffers, &buffer->link);
+
+	return buffer;
+
+error_view:
+	vkDestroyFramebuffer(dev, buffer->framebuffer, NULL);
+	vkDestroyImageView(dev, buffer->image_view, NULL);
+	vkDestroyImage(dev, buffer->image, NULL);
+	for (size_t i = 0u; i < buffer->mem_count; ++i) {
+		vkFreeMemory(dev, buffer->memories[i], NULL);
+	}
+error_buffer:
+	wlr_dmabuf_attributes_finish(&dmabuf);
+	free(buffer);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+// interface implementation
+static bool vulkan_bind_buffer(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
+		struct wlr_buffer *wlr_buffer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+
+	if (renderer->current_render_buffer) {
+		wlr_buffer_unlock(renderer->current_render_buffer->wlr_buffer);
+		renderer->current_render_buffer = NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (!wlr_buffer) {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_vk_render_buffer *buffer = get_render_buffer(renderer, wlr_buffer);
+	if (!buffer) {
+		buffer = create_render_buffer(renderer, wlr_buffer);
+		if (!buffer) {
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	wlr_buffer_lock(wlr_buffer);
+	renderer->current_render_buffer = buffer;
+	return true;
+}
+
+static void vulkan_begin(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
+		uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	assert(renderer->current_render_buffer);
+
+	VkCommandBuffer cb = renderer->cb;
+	VkCommandBufferBeginInfo begin_info = {0};
+	begin_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
+	vkBeginCommandBuffer(cb, &begin_info);
+
+	// begin render pass
+	VkFramebuffer fb = renderer->current_render_buffer->framebuffer;
+
+	VkRect2D rect = {{0, 0}, {width, height}};
+	renderer->scissor = rect;
+
+	VkRenderPassBeginInfo rp_info = {0};
+	rp_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
+	rp_info.renderArea = rect;
+	rp_info.renderPass = renderer->current_render_buffer->render_setup->render_pass;
+	rp_info.framebuffer = fb;
+	rp_info.clearValueCount = 0;
+	vkCmdBeginRenderPass(cb, &rp_info, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
+
+	VkViewport vp = {0.f, 0.f, (float) width, (float) height, 0.f, 1.f};
+	vkCmdSetViewport(cb, 0, 1, &vp);
+	vkCmdSetScissor(cb, 0, 1, &rect);
+
+	// Refresh projection matrix.
+	// wlr_matrix_projection assumes a GL corrdinate system so we need
+	// to pass WL_OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_FLIPPED_180 to adjust it for vulkan.
+	wlr_matrix_projection(renderer->projection, width, height,
+		WL_OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_FLIPPED_180);
+
+	renderer->render_width = width;
+	renderer->render_height = height;
+	renderer->bound_pipe = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+}
+
+static void vulkan_end(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	assert(renderer->current_render_buffer);
+
+	VkCommandBuffer render_cb = renderer->cb;
+	VkCommandBuffer pre_cb = vulkan_record_stage_cb(renderer);
+
+	renderer->render_width = 0u;
+	renderer->render_height = 0u;
+	renderer->bound_pipe = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+	vkCmdEndRenderPass(render_cb);
+
+	// insert acquire and release barriers for dmabuf-images
+	unsigned barrier_count = wl_list_length(&renderer->foreign_textures) + 1;
+	VkImageMemoryBarrier* acquire_barriers = calloc(barrier_count, sizeof(VkImageMemoryBarrier));
+	VkImageMemoryBarrier* release_barriers = calloc(barrier_count, sizeof(VkImageMemoryBarrier));
+
+	struct wlr_vk_texture *texture, *tmp_tex;
+	unsigned idx = 0;
+
+	wl_list_for_each_safe(texture, tmp_tex, &renderer->foreign_textures, foreign_link) {
+		VkImageLayout src_layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
+		if (!texture->transitioned) {
+			src_layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
+			texture->transitioned = true;
+		}
+
+		// acquire
+		acquire_barriers[idx].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
+		acquire_barriers[idx].srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_FOREIGN_EXT;
+		acquire_barriers[idx].dstQueueFamilyIndex = renderer->dev->queue_family;
+		acquire_barriers[idx].image = texture->image;
+		acquire_barriers[idx].oldLayout = src_layout;
+		acquire_barriers[idx].newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
+		acquire_barriers[idx].srcAccessMask = 0u; // ignored anyways
+		acquire_barriers[idx].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
+		acquire_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
+		acquire_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
+		acquire_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
+
+		// releaes
+		release_barriers[idx].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
+		release_barriers[idx].srcQueueFamilyIndex = renderer->dev->queue_family;
+		release_barriers[idx].dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_FOREIGN_EXT;
+		release_barriers[idx].image = texture->image;
+		release_barriers[idx].oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
+		release_barriers[idx].newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
+		release_barriers[idx].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
+		release_barriers[idx].dstAccessMask = 0u; // ignored anyways
+		release_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
+		release_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
+		release_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
+		++idx;
+
+		wl_list_remove(&texture->foreign_link);
+		texture->owned = false;
+	}
+
+	// also add acquire/release barriers for the current render buffer
+	VkImageLayout src_layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
+	if (!renderer->current_render_buffer->transitioned) {
+		src_layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
+		renderer->current_render_buffer->transitioned = true;
+	}
+
+	// acquire render buffer before rendering
+	acquire_barriers[idx].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
+	acquire_barriers[idx].srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_FOREIGN_EXT;
+	acquire_barriers[idx].dstQueueFamilyIndex = renderer->dev->queue_family;
+	acquire_barriers[idx].image = renderer->current_render_buffer->image;
+	acquire_barriers[idx].oldLayout = src_layout;
+	acquire_barriers[idx].newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
+	acquire_barriers[idx].srcAccessMask = 0u; // ignored anyways
+	acquire_barriers[idx].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT |
+		VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
+	acquire_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
+	acquire_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
+	acquire_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
+
+	// release render buffer after rendering
+	release_barriers[idx].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
+	release_barriers[idx].srcQueueFamilyIndex = renderer->dev->queue_family;
+	release_barriers[idx].dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_FOREIGN_EXT;
+	release_barriers[idx].image = renderer->current_render_buffer->image;
+	release_barriers[idx].oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
+	release_barriers[idx].newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
+	release_barriers[idx].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT |
+		VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
+	release_barriers[idx].dstAccessMask = 0u; // ignored anyways
+	release_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
+	release_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
+	release_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
+	++idx;
+
+	vkCmdPipelineBarrier(pre_cb, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,
+		VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
+		0, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, barrier_count, acquire_barriers);
+
+	vkCmdPipelineBarrier(render_cb, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT,
+		VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT, 0, 0, NULL, 0, NULL,
+		barrier_count, release_barriers);
+
+	free(acquire_barriers);
+	free(release_barriers);
+
+	vkEndCommandBuffer(renderer->cb);
+
+	unsigned submit_count = 0u;
+	VkSubmitInfo submit_infos[2] = {0};
+
+	// No semaphores needed here.
+	// We don't need a semaphore from the stage/transfer submission
+	// to the render submissions since they are on the same queue
+	// and we have a renderpass dependency for that.
+	if (renderer->stage.recording) {
+		vkEndCommandBuffer(renderer->stage.cb);
+		renderer->stage.recording = false;
+
+		VkSubmitInfo *stage_sub = &submit_infos[submit_count];
+		stage_sub->sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
+		stage_sub->commandBufferCount = 1u;
+		stage_sub->pCommandBuffers = &pre_cb;
+		++submit_count;
+	}
+
+	VkSubmitInfo *render_sub = &submit_infos[submit_count];
+	render_sub->sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
+	render_sub->pCommandBuffers = &render_cb;
+	render_sub->commandBufferCount = 1u;
+	++submit_count;
+
+	VkResult res = vkQueueSubmit(renderer->dev->queue, submit_count,
+		submit_infos, renderer->fence);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkQueueSubmit", res);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// sadly this is required due to the current api/rendering model of wlr
+	// ideally we could use gpu and cpu in parallel (_without_ the
+	// implicit synchronization overhead and mess of opengl drivers)
+	res = vkWaitForFences(renderer->dev->dev, 1, &renderer->fence, true,
+		UINT64_MAX);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkWaitForFences", res);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	++renderer->frame;
+	release_stage_allocations(renderer);
+
+	// destroy pending textures
+	wl_list_for_each_safe(texture, tmp_tex, &renderer->destroy_textures, destroy_link) {
+		wlr_texture_destroy(&texture->wlr_texture);
+	}
+
+	wl_list_init(&renderer->destroy_textures); // reset the list
+	res = vkResetFences(renderer->dev->dev, 1, &renderer->fence);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkResetFences", res);
+		return;
+	}
+}
+
+static bool vulkan_render_subtexture_with_matrix(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
+		struct wlr_texture *wlr_texture, const struct wlr_fbox *box,
+		const float matrix[static 9], float alpha) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	VkCommandBuffer cb = renderer->cb;
+
+	struct wlr_vk_texture *texture = vulkan_get_texture(wlr_texture);
+	assert(texture->renderer == renderer);
+	if (texture->dmabuf_imported && !texture->owned) {
+		// Store this texture in the list of textures that need to be
+		// acquired before rendering and released after rendering.
+		// We don't do it here immediately since barriers inside
+		// a renderpass are suboptimal (would require additional renderpass
+		// dependency and potentially multiple barriers) and it's
+		// better to issue one barrier for all used textures anyways.
+		texture->owned = true;
+		assert(texture->foreign_link.prev == NULL);
+		assert(texture->foreign_link.next == NULL);
+		wl_list_insert(&renderer->foreign_textures, &texture->foreign_link);
+	}
+
+	VkPipeline pipe = renderer->current_render_buffer->render_setup->tex_pipe;
+	if (pipe != renderer->bound_pipe) {
+		vkCmdBindPipeline(cb, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipe);
+		renderer->bound_pipe = pipe;
+	}
+
+	vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cb, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
+		renderer->pipe_layout, 0, 1, &texture->ds, 0, NULL);
+
+	float final_matrix[9];
+	wlr_matrix_multiply(final_matrix, renderer->projection, matrix);
+
+	struct vert_pcr_data vert_pcr_data;
+	mat3_to_mat4(final_matrix, vert_pcr_data.mat4);
+
+	vert_pcr_data.uv_off[0] = box->x / wlr_texture->width;
+	vert_pcr_data.uv_off[1] = box->y / wlr_texture->height;
+	vert_pcr_data.uv_size[0] = box->width / wlr_texture->width;
+	vert_pcr_data.uv_size[1] = box->height / wlr_texture->height;
+
+	if (texture->invert_y) {
+		vert_pcr_data.uv_off[1] += vert_pcr_data.uv_size[1];
+		vert_pcr_data.uv_size[1] = -vert_pcr_data.uv_size[1];
+	}
+
+	// When the texture itself does not have alpha information we want
+	// to ignore the sampled value and just use the alpha passed here,
+	// we pass a negative value to communicate that.
+	// See the texture.frag shader for more details.
+	const struct wlr_pixel_format_info *format_info = drm_get_pixel_format_info(
+			texture->format->drm_format);
+	assert(format_info);
+	if (!format_info->has_alpha) {
+		alpha *= -1;
+	}
+
+	vkCmdPushConstants(cb, renderer->pipe_layout,
+		VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, 0, sizeof(vert_pcr_data), &vert_pcr_data);
+	vkCmdPushConstants(cb, renderer->pipe_layout,
+		VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, sizeof(vert_pcr_data), sizeof(float),
+		&alpha);
+	vkCmdDraw(cb, 4, 1, 0, 0);
+	texture->last_used = renderer->frame;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static void vulkan_clear(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
+		const float color[static 4]) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	VkCommandBuffer cb = renderer->cb;
+
+	VkClearAttachment att = {0};
+	att.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
+	att.colorAttachment = 0u;
+
+	// Input color values are given in srgb space, vulkan expects
+	// them in linear space. We explicitly import argb8 render buffers
+	// as srgb, vulkan will convert the input values we give here to
+	// srgb first.
+	// But in other parts of wlroots we just always assume
+	// srgb so that's why we have to convert here.
+	att.clearValue.color.float32[0] = color_to_linear(color[0]);
+	att.clearValue.color.float32[1] = color_to_linear(color[1]);
+	att.clearValue.color.float32[2] = color_to_linear(color[2]);
+	att.clearValue.color.float32[3] = color[3]; // no conversion for alpha
+
+	VkClearRect rect = {0};
+	rect.rect = renderer->scissor;
+	rect.layerCount = 1;
+	vkCmdClearAttachments(cb, 1, &att, 1, &rect);
+}
+
+static void vulkan_scissor(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
+		struct wlr_box *box) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	VkCommandBuffer cb = renderer->cb;
+
+	uint32_t w = renderer->render_width;
+	uint32_t h = renderer->render_height;
+	struct wlr_box dst = {0, 0, w, h};
+	if (box && !wlr_box_intersection(&dst, box, &dst)) {
+		dst = (struct wlr_box) {0, 0, 0, 0}; // empty
+	}
+
+	VkRect2D rect = (VkRect2D) {{dst.x, dst.y}, {dst.width, dst.height}};
+	renderer->scissor = rect;
+	vkCmdSetScissor(cb, 0, 1, &rect);
+}
+
+static const uint32_t *vulkan_get_shm_texture_formats(
+		struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer, size_t *len) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	*len = renderer->dev->shm_format_count;
+	return renderer->dev->shm_formats;
+}
+
+static void vulkan_render_quad_with_matrix(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
+		const float color[static 4], const float matrix[static 9]) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	VkCommandBuffer cb = renderer->cb;
+
+	VkPipeline pipe = renderer->current_render_buffer->render_setup->quad_pipe;
+	if (pipe != renderer->bound_pipe) {
+		vkCmdBindPipeline(cb, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipe);
+		renderer->bound_pipe = pipe;
+	}
+
+	float final_matrix[9];
+	wlr_matrix_multiply(final_matrix, renderer->projection, matrix);
+
+	struct vert_pcr_data vert_pcr_data;
+	mat3_to_mat4(final_matrix, vert_pcr_data.mat4);
+	vert_pcr_data.uv_off[0] = 0.f;
+	vert_pcr_data.uv_off[1] = 0.f;
+	vert_pcr_data.uv_size[0] = 1.f;
+	vert_pcr_data.uv_size[1] = 1.f;
+
+	// Input color values are given in srgb space, shader expects
+	// them in linear space. The shader does all computation in linear
+	// space and expects in inputs in linear space since it outputs
+	// colors in linear space as well (and vulkan then automatically
+	// does the conversion for out SRGB render targets).
+	// But in other parts of wlroots we just always assume
+	// srgb so that's why we have to convert here.
+	float linear_color[4];
+	linear_color[0] = color_to_linear(color[0]);
+	linear_color[1] = color_to_linear(color[1]);
+	linear_color[2] = color_to_linear(color[2]);
+	linear_color[3] = color[3]; // no conversion for alpha
+
+	vkCmdPushConstants(cb, renderer->pipe_layout,
+		VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, 0, sizeof(vert_pcr_data), &vert_pcr_data);
+	vkCmdPushConstants(cb, renderer->pipe_layout,
+		VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, sizeof(vert_pcr_data), sizeof(float) * 4,
+		linear_color);
+	vkCmdDraw(cb, 4, 1, 0, 0);
+}
+
+static const struct wlr_drm_format_set *vulkan_get_dmabuf_texture_formats(
+		struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	return &renderer->dev->dmabuf_texture_formats;
+}
+
+static const struct wlr_drm_format_set *vulkan_get_render_formats(
+		struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	return &renderer->dev->dmabuf_render_formats;
+}
+
+static uint32_t vulkan_preferred_read_format(
+		struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	// TODO: implement!
+	wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "vulkan_preferred_read_format not implemented");
+	return DRM_FORMAT_XBGR8888;
+}
+
+static void vulkan_destroy(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	struct wlr_vk_device *dev = renderer->dev;
+	if (!dev) {
+		free(renderer);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	assert(!renderer->current_render_buffer);
+
+	// stage.cb automatically freed with command pool
+	struct wlr_vk_shared_buffer *buf, *tmp_buf;
+	wl_list_for_each_safe(buf, tmp_buf, &renderer->stage.buffers, link) {
+		shared_buffer_destroy(renderer, buf);
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_vk_texture *tex, *tex_tmp;
+	wl_list_for_each_safe(tex, tex_tmp, &renderer->textures, link) {
+		vulkan_texture_destroy(tex);
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_vk_render_buffer *render_buffer, *render_buffer_tmp;
+	wl_list_for_each_safe(render_buffer, render_buffer_tmp,
+			&renderer->render_buffers, link) {
+		destroy_render_buffer(render_buffer);
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_vk_render_format_setup *setup, *tmp_setup;
+	wl_list_for_each_safe(setup, tmp_setup,
+			&renderer->render_format_setups, link) {
+		destroy_render_format_setup(renderer, setup);
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_vk_descriptor_pool *pool, *tmp_pool;
+	wl_list_for_each_safe(pool, tmp_pool, &renderer->descriptor_pools, link) {
+		vkDestroyDescriptorPool(dev->dev, pool->pool, NULL);
+		free(pool);
+	}
+
+	vkDestroyShaderModule(dev->dev, renderer->vert_module, NULL);
+	vkDestroyShaderModule(dev->dev, renderer->tex_frag_module, NULL);
+	vkDestroyShaderModule(dev->dev, renderer->quad_frag_module, NULL);
+
+	vkDestroyFence(dev->dev, renderer->fence, NULL);
+	vkDestroyPipelineLayout(dev->dev, renderer->pipe_layout, NULL);
+	vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(dev->dev, renderer->ds_layout, NULL);
+	vkDestroySampler(dev->dev, renderer->sampler, NULL);
+	vkDestroyCommandPool(dev->dev, renderer->command_pool, NULL);
+
+	struct wlr_vk_instance *ini = dev->instance;
+	vulkan_device_destroy(dev);
+	vulkan_instance_destroy(ini);
+	free(renderer);
+}
+
+static bool vulkan_read_pixels(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
+		uint32_t drm_format, uint32_t *flags, uint32_t stride,
+		uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t src_x, uint32_t src_y,
+		uint32_t dst_x, uint32_t dst_y, void *data) {
+	// TODO: implement!
+	wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "vulkan_read_pixels not implemented");
+	return false;
+}
+
+static int vulkan_get_drm_fd(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	return renderer->dev->drm_fd;
+}
+
+static uint32_t vulkan_get_render_buffer_caps(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	return WLR_BUFFER_CAP_DMABUF;
+}
+
+static const struct wlr_renderer_impl renderer_impl = {
+	.bind_buffer = vulkan_bind_buffer,
+	.begin = vulkan_begin,
+	.end = vulkan_end,
+	.clear = vulkan_clear,
+	.scissor = vulkan_scissor,
+	.render_subtexture_with_matrix = vulkan_render_subtexture_with_matrix,
+	.render_quad_with_matrix = vulkan_render_quad_with_matrix,
+	.get_shm_texture_formats = vulkan_get_shm_texture_formats,
+	.get_dmabuf_texture_formats = vulkan_get_dmabuf_texture_formats,
+	.get_render_formats = vulkan_get_render_formats,
+	.preferred_read_format = vulkan_preferred_read_format,
+	.read_pixels = vulkan_read_pixels,
+	.destroy = vulkan_destroy,
+	.get_drm_fd = vulkan_get_drm_fd,
+	.get_render_buffer_caps = vulkan_get_render_buffer_caps,
+	.texture_from_buffer = vulkan_texture_from_buffer,
+};
+
+// Initializes the VkDescriptorSetLayout and VkPipelineLayout needed
+// for the texture rendering pipeline using the given VkSampler.
+static bool init_tex_layouts(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
+		VkSampler tex_sampler, VkDescriptorSetLayout *out_ds_layout,
+		VkPipelineLayout *out_pipe_layout) {
+	VkResult res;
+	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
+
+	// layouts
+	// descriptor set
+	VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding ds_bindings[1] = {{
+		0, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 1,
+		VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, &tex_sampler,
+	}};
+
+	VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo ds_info = {0};
+	ds_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
+	ds_info.bindingCount = 1;
+	ds_info.pBindings = ds_bindings;
+
+	res = vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(dev, &ds_info, NULL, out_ds_layout);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	// pipeline layout
+	VkPushConstantRange pc_ranges[2] = {0};
+	pc_ranges[0].size = sizeof(struct vert_pcr_data);
+	pc_ranges[0].stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
+
+	pc_ranges[1].offset = pc_ranges[0].size;
+	pc_ranges[1].size = sizeof(float) * 4; // alpha or color
+	pc_ranges[1].stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
+
+	VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pl_info = {0};
+	pl_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
+	pl_info.setLayoutCount = 1;
+	pl_info.pSetLayouts = out_ds_layout;
+	pl_info.pushConstantRangeCount = 2;
+	pl_info.pPushConstantRanges = pc_ranges;
+
+	res = vkCreatePipelineLayout(dev, &pl_info, NULL, out_pipe_layout);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkCreatePipelineLayout", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+// Initializes the pipeline for rendering textures and using the given
+// VkRenderPass and VkPipelineLayout.
+static bool init_tex_pipeline(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
+		VkRenderPass rp, VkPipelineLayout pipe_layout, VkPipeline *pipe) {
+	VkResult res;
+	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
+
+	// shaders
+	VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vert_stage = {
+		VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+		NULL, 0, VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, renderer->vert_module,
+		"main", NULL
+	};
+
+	VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo tex_stages[2] = {vert_stage, {
+		VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+		NULL, 0, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, renderer->tex_frag_module,
+		"main", NULL
+	}};
+
+	// info
+	VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo assembly = {0};
+	assembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	assembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_FAN;
+
+	VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterization = {0};
+	rasterization.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	rasterization.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
+	rasterization.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_NONE;
+	rasterization.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE;
+	rasterization.lineWidth = 1.f;
+
+	VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState blend_attachment = {0};
+	blend_attachment.blendEnable = true;
+	// we generally work with pre-multiplied alpha
+	blend_attachment.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
+	blend_attachment.dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA;
+	blend_attachment.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;
+	blend_attachment.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
+	blend_attachment.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
+	blend_attachment.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;
+	blend_attachment.colorWriteMask =
+		VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT |
+		VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT |
+		VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT |
+		VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
+
+	VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo blend = {0};
+	blend.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	blend.attachmentCount = 1;
+	blend.pAttachments = &blend_attachment;
+
+	VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisample = {0};
+	multisample.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	multisample.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+
+	VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewport = {0};
+	viewport.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	viewport.viewportCount = 1;
+	viewport.scissorCount = 1;
+
+	VkDynamicState dynStates[2] = {
+		VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
+		VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR,
+	};
+	VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamic = {0};
+	dynamic.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	dynamic.pDynamicStates = dynStates;
+	dynamic.dynamicStateCount = 2;
+
+	VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertex = {0};
+	vertex.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+
+	VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pinfo = {0};
+	pinfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
+	pinfo.layout = pipe_layout;
+	pinfo.renderPass = rp;
+	pinfo.subpass = 0;
+	pinfo.stageCount = 2;
+	pinfo.pStages = tex_stages;
+
+	pinfo.pInputAssemblyState = &assembly;
+	pinfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterization;
+	pinfo.pColorBlendState = &blend;
+	pinfo.pMultisampleState = &multisample;
+	pinfo.pViewportState = &viewport;
+	pinfo.pDynamicState = &dynamic;
+	pinfo.pVertexInputState = &vertex;
+
+	// NOTE: use could use a cache here for faster loading
+	// store it somewhere like $XDG_CACHE_HOME/wlroots/vk_pipe_cache
+	VkPipelineCache cache = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	res = vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(dev, cache, 1, &pinfo, NULL, pipe);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("failed to create vulkan pipelines:", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+// Creates static render data, such as sampler, layouts and shader modules
+// for the given rednerer.
+// Cleanup is done by destroying the renderer.
+static bool init_static_render_data(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
+	VkResult res;
+	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
+
+	// default sampler (non ycbcr)
+	VkSamplerCreateInfo sampler_info = {0};
+	sampler_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;
+	sampler_info.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
+	sampler_info.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
+	sampler_info.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_NEAREST;
+	sampler_info.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
+	sampler_info.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
+	sampler_info.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
+	sampler_info.maxAnisotropy = 1.f;
+	sampler_info.minLod = 0.f;
+	sampler_info.maxLod = 0.25f;
+	sampler_info.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_TRANSPARENT_BLACK;
+
+	res = vkCreateSampler(dev, &sampler_info, NULL, &renderer->sampler);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("Failed to create sampler", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if (!init_tex_layouts(renderer, renderer->sampler,
+			&renderer->ds_layout, &renderer->pipe_layout)) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	// load vert module and tex frag module since they are needed to
+	// initialize the tex pipeline
+	VkShaderModuleCreateInfo sinfo = {0};
+	sinfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
+	sinfo.codeSize = sizeof(common_vert_data);
+	sinfo.pCode = common_vert_data;
+	res = vkCreateShaderModule(dev, &sinfo, NULL, &renderer->vert_module);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("Failed to create vertex shader module", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	// tex frag
+	sinfo.codeSize = sizeof(texture_frag_data);
+	sinfo.pCode = texture_frag_data;
+	res = vkCreateShaderModule(dev, &sinfo, NULL, &renderer->tex_frag_module);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("Failed to create tex fragment shader module", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	// quad frag
+	sinfo.codeSize = sizeof(quad_frag_data);
+	sinfo.pCode = quad_frag_data;
+	res = vkCreateShaderModule(dev, &sinfo, NULL, &renderer->quad_frag_module);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("Failed to create quad fragment shader module", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static struct wlr_vk_render_format_setup *find_or_create_render_setup(
+		struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer, VkFormat format) {
+	struct wlr_vk_render_format_setup *setup;
+	wl_list_for_each(setup, &renderer->render_format_setups, link) {
+		if (setup->render_format == format) {
+			return setup;
+		}
+	}
+
+	setup = calloc(1u, sizeof(*setup));
+	if (!setup) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Allocation failed");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	setup->render_format = format;
+
+	// util
+	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
+	VkResult res;
+
+	VkAttachmentDescription attachment = {0};
+	attachment.format = format;
+	attachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+	attachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_LOAD;
+	attachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
+	attachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
+	attachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
+	attachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
+	attachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
+
+	VkAttachmentReference color_ref = {0};
+	color_ref.attachment = 0u;
+	color_ref.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
+
+	VkSubpassDescription subpass = {0};
+	subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
+	subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
+	subpass.pColorAttachments = &color_ref;
+
+	VkSubpassDependency deps[2] = {0};
+	deps[0].srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
+	deps[0].srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT |
+		VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT |
+		VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT |
+		VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
+	deps[0].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_HOST_WRITE_BIT |
+		VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT |
+		VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
+	deps[0].dstSubpass = 0;
+	deps[0].dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT;
+	deps[0].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_UNIFORM_READ_BIT |
+		VK_ACCESS_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTE_READ_BIT |
+		VK_ACCESS_INDIRECT_COMMAND_READ_BIT |
+		VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
+
+	deps[1].srcSubpass = 0;
+	deps[1].srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
+	deps[1].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
+	deps[1].dstSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
+	deps[1].dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT |
+		VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT;
+	deps[1].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT |
+		VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT;
+
+	VkRenderPassCreateInfo rp_info = {0};
+	rp_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
+	rp_info.attachmentCount = 1;
+	rp_info.pAttachments = &attachment;
+	rp_info.subpassCount = 1;
+	rp_info.pSubpasses = &subpass;
+	rp_info.dependencyCount = 2u;
+	rp_info.pDependencies = deps;
+
+	res = vkCreateRenderPass(dev, &rp_info, NULL, &setup->render_pass);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("Failed to create render pass", res);
+		free(setup);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (!init_tex_pipeline(renderer, setup->render_pass, renderer->pipe_layout,
+			&setup->tex_pipe)) {
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vert_stage = {
+		VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+		NULL, 0, VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, renderer->vert_module,
+		"main", NULL
+	};
+
+	VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo quad_stages[2] = {vert_stage, {
+		VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+		NULL, 0, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
+		renderer->quad_frag_module, "main", NULL
+	}};
+
+	// info
+	VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo assembly = {0};
+	assembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	assembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_FAN;
+
+	VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterization = {0};
+	rasterization.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	rasterization.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
+	rasterization.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_NONE;
+	rasterization.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE;
+	rasterization.lineWidth = 1.f;
+
+	VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState blend_attachment = {0};
+	blend_attachment.blendEnable = true;
+	blend_attachment.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
+	blend_attachment.dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA;
+	blend_attachment.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;
+	blend_attachment.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
+	blend_attachment.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
+	blend_attachment.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;
+	blend_attachment.colorWriteMask =
+		VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT |
+		VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT |
+		VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT |
+		VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
+
+	VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo blend = {0};
+	blend.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	blend.attachmentCount = 1;
+	blend.pAttachments = &blend_attachment;
+
+	VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisample = {0};
+	multisample.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	multisample.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+
+	VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewport = {0};
+	viewport.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	viewport.viewportCount = 1;
+	viewport.scissorCount = 1;
+
+	VkDynamicState dynStates[2] = {
+		VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
+		VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR,
+	};
+	VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamic = {0};
+	dynamic.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	dynamic.pDynamicStates = dynStates;
+	dynamic.dynamicStateCount = 2;
+
+	VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertex = {0};
+	vertex.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+
+	VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pinfo = {0};
+	pinfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
+	pinfo.layout = renderer->pipe_layout;
+	pinfo.renderPass = setup->render_pass;
+	pinfo.subpass = 0;
+	pinfo.stageCount = 2;
+	pinfo.pStages = quad_stages;
+
+	pinfo.pInputAssemblyState = &assembly;
+	pinfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterization;
+	pinfo.pColorBlendState = &blend;
+	pinfo.pMultisampleState = &multisample;
+	pinfo.pViewportState = &viewport;
+	pinfo.pDynamicState = &dynamic;
+	pinfo.pVertexInputState = &vertex;
+
+	// NOTE: use could use a cache here for faster loading
+	// store it somewhere like $XDG_CACHE_HOME/wlroots/vk_pipe_cache.bin
+	VkPipelineCache cache = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	res = vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(dev, cache, 1, &pinfo, NULL, &setup->quad_pipe);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "failed to create vulkan quad pipeline: %d", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	wl_list_insert(&renderer->render_format_setups, &setup->link);
+	return setup;
+
+error:
+	destroy_render_format_setup(renderer, setup);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+struct wlr_renderer *vulkan_renderer_create_for_device(struct wlr_vk_device *dev) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer;
+	VkResult res;
+	if (!(renderer = calloc(1, sizeof(*renderer)))) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "failed to allocate wlr_vk_renderer");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	renderer->dev = dev;
+	wlr_renderer_init(&renderer->wlr_renderer, &renderer_impl);
+	wl_list_init(&renderer->stage.buffers);
+	wl_list_init(&renderer->destroy_textures);
+	wl_list_init(&renderer->foreign_textures);
+	wl_list_init(&renderer->textures);
+	wl_list_init(&renderer->descriptor_pools);
+	wl_list_init(&renderer->render_format_setups);
+	wl_list_init(&renderer->render_buffers);
+
+	if (!init_static_render_data(renderer)) {
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	// command pool
+	VkCommandPoolCreateInfo cpool_info = {0};
+	cpool_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
+	cpool_info.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT;
+	cpool_info.queueFamilyIndex = dev->queue_family;
+	res = vkCreateCommandPool(dev->dev, &cpool_info, NULL,
+		&renderer->command_pool);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateCommandPool", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo cbai = {0};
+	cbai.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+	cbai.commandBufferCount = 1u;
+	cbai.commandPool = renderer->command_pool;
+	cbai.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
+	res = vkAllocateCommandBuffers(dev->dev, &cbai, &renderer->cb);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkAllocateCommandBuffers", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	VkFenceCreateInfo fence_info = {0};
+	fence_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
+	res = vkCreateFence(dev->dev, &fence_info, NULL,
+		&renderer->fence);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateFence", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	// staging command buffer
+	VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo cmd_buf_info = {0};
+	cmd_buf_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+	cmd_buf_info.commandPool = renderer->command_pool;
+	cmd_buf_info.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
+	cmd_buf_info.commandBufferCount = 1u;
+	res = vkAllocateCommandBuffers(dev->dev, &cmd_buf_info,
+		&renderer->stage.cb);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkAllocateCommandBuffers", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	return &renderer->wlr_renderer;
+
+error:
+	vulkan_destroy(&renderer->wlr_renderer);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+struct wlr_renderer *wlr_vk_renderer_create_with_drm_fd(int drm_fd) {
+	wlr_log(WLR_INFO, "The vulkan renderer is only experimental and "
+		"not expected to be ready for daily use");
+
+	// NOTE: we could add functionality to allow the compositor passing its
+	// name and version to this function. Just use dummies until then,
+	// shouldn't be relevant to the driver anyways
+	struct wlr_vk_instance *ini = vulkan_instance_create(0, NULL, default_debug);
+	if (!ini) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "creating vulkan instance for renderer failed");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	VkPhysicalDevice phdev = vulkan_find_drm_phdev(ini, drm_fd);
+	if (!phdev) {
+		// We rather fail here than doing some guesswork
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Could not match drm and vulkan device");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// queue families
+	uint32_t qfam_count;
+	vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(phdev, &qfam_count, NULL);
+	VkQueueFamilyProperties queue_props[qfam_count];
+	vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(phdev, &qfam_count,
+		queue_props);
+
+	struct wlr_vk_device *dev = vulkan_device_create(ini, phdev, 0, NULL);
+	if (!dev) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Failed to create vulkan device");
+		vulkan_instance_destroy(ini);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// We duplicate it so it's not closed while we still need it.
+	dev->drm_fd = fcntl(drm_fd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 0);
+	if (dev->drm_fd < 0) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "fcntl(F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC) failed");
+		vulkan_device_destroy(dev);
+		vulkan_instance_destroy(ini);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return vulkan_renderer_create_for_device(dev);
+}
diff --git a/render/vulkan/shaders/common.vert b/render/vulkan/shaders/common.vert
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa31d26c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/render/vulkan/shaders/common.vert
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#version 450
+
+// we use a mat4 since it uses the same size as mat3 due to
+// alignment. Easier to deal with (tighly-packed) mat4 though.
+layout(push_constant, row_major) uniform UBO {
+	mat4 proj;
+	vec2 uv_offset;
+	vec2 uv_size;
+} data;
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec2 uv;
+
+// 4 outlining points and uv coords
+const vec2[] values = {
+	{0, 0},
+	{1, 0},
+	{1, 1},
+	{0, 1},
+};
+
+void main() {
+	vec2 pos = values[gl_VertexIndex % 4];
+	uv = data.uv_offset + pos * data.uv_size;
+	gl_Position = data.proj * vec4(pos, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
diff --git a/render/vulkan/shaders/meson.build b/render/vulkan/shaders/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b183c46c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/render/vulkan/shaders/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+vulkan_shaders_src = [
+	'common.vert',
+	'texture.frag',
+	'quad.frag',
+]
+
+vulkan_shaders = []
+foreach shader : vulkan_shaders_src
+	name = shader.underscorify() + '_data'
+	args = [glslang, '-V', '@INPUT@', '-o', '@OUTPUT@', '--vn', name]
+	header = custom_target(
+		shader + '_spv',
+		output: shader + '.h',
+		input: shader,
+		command: args)
+
+	vulkan_shaders += [header]
+endforeach
+
+wlr_files += vulkan_shaders
diff --git a/render/vulkan/shaders/quad.frag b/render/vulkan/shaders/quad.frag
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..affd1f11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/render/vulkan/shaders/quad.frag
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#version 450
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 out_color;
+layout(push_constant) uniform UBO {
+	layout(offset = 80) vec4 color;
+} data;
+
+void main() {
+	out_color = data.color;
+}
diff --git a/render/vulkan/shaders/texture.frag b/render/vulkan/shaders/texture.frag
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a7b8c57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/render/vulkan/shaders/texture.frag
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#version 450
+
+layout(set = 0, binding = 0) uniform sampler2D tex;
+
+layout(location = 0) in vec2 uv;
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 out_color;
+
+layout(push_constant) uniform UBO {
+	layout(offset = 80) float alpha;
+} data;
+
+void main() {
+	out_color = textureLod(tex, uv, 0);
+
+	// We expect this shader to output pre-alpha-multiplied color values.
+	// alpha < 0.0 means that this shader should ignore the texture's alpha
+	// value.
+	if (data.alpha < 0.0) {
+		out_color.a = -data.alpha;
+		out_color.rgb *= -data.alpha;
+	} else {
+		out_color *= data.alpha;
+	}
+}
+
diff --git a/render/vulkan/texture.c b/render/vulkan/texture.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b4ba67ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/render/vulkan/texture.c
@@ -0,0 +1,718 @@
+#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200809L
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <wlr/render/wlr_texture.h>
+#include <wlr/util/log.h>
+#include "render/pixel_format.h"
+#include "render/vulkan.h"
+
+static const struct wlr_texture_impl texture_impl;
+
+struct wlr_vk_texture *vulkan_get_texture(struct wlr_texture *wlr_texture) {
+	assert(wlr_texture->impl == &texture_impl);
+	return (struct wlr_vk_texture *)wlr_texture;
+}
+
+static VkImageAspectFlagBits mem_plane_aspect(unsigned i) {
+	switch (i) {
+	case 0: return VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_MEMORY_PLANE_0_BIT_EXT;
+	case 1: return VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_MEMORY_PLANE_1_BIT_EXT;
+	case 2: return VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_MEMORY_PLANE_2_BIT_EXT;
+	case 3: return VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_MEMORY_PLANE_3_BIT_EXT;
+	default: abort(); // unreachable
+	}
+}
+
+static bool vulkan_texture_is_opaque(struct wlr_texture *wlr_texture) {
+	struct wlr_vk_texture *texture = vulkan_get_texture(wlr_texture);
+	const struct wlr_pixel_format_info *format_info = drm_get_pixel_format_info(
+			texture->format->drm_format);
+	assert(format_info);
+	return !format_info->has_alpha;
+}
+
+// Will transition the texture to shaderReadOnlyOptimal layout for reading
+// from fragment shader later on
+static bool write_pixels(struct wlr_texture *wlr_texture,
+		uint32_t stride, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t src_x,
+		uint32_t src_y, uint32_t dst_x, uint32_t dst_y, const void *vdata,
+		VkImageLayout old_layout, VkPipelineStageFlags src_stage,
+		VkAccessFlags src_access) {
+	VkResult res;
+	struct wlr_vk_texture *texture = vulkan_get_texture(wlr_texture);
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = texture->renderer;
+	VkDevice dev = texture->renderer->dev->dev;
+
+	// make sure assumptions are met
+	assert(src_x + width <= texture->wlr_texture.width);
+	assert(src_y + height <= texture->wlr_texture.height);
+	assert(dst_x + width <= texture->wlr_texture.width);
+	assert(dst_y + height <= texture->wlr_texture.height);
+
+	const struct wlr_pixel_format_info *format_info = drm_get_pixel_format_info(
+			texture->format->drm_format);
+	assert(format_info);
+
+	// deferred upload by transfer; using staging buffer
+	// calculate maximum side needed
+	uint32_t bsize = 0;
+	unsigned bytespb = format_info->bpp / 8;
+	bsize += height * bytespb * width;
+
+	// get staging buffer
+	struct wlr_vk_buffer_span span = vulkan_get_stage_span(renderer, bsize);
+	if (!span.buffer || span.alloc.size != bsize) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Failed to retrieve staging buffer");
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	void *vmap;
+	res = vkMapMemory(dev, span.buffer->memory, span.alloc.start,
+		bsize, 0, &vmap);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkMapMemory", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+	char *map = (char *)vmap;
+
+	// record staging cb
+	// will be executed before next frame
+	VkCommandBuffer cb = vulkan_record_stage_cb(renderer);
+	vulkan_change_layout(cb, texture->image,
+		old_layout, src_stage, src_access,
+		VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
+		VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT);
+
+	// upload data
+	const char *pdata = vdata; // data iterator
+
+	uint32_t packed_stride = bytespb * width;
+	uint32_t buf_off = span.alloc.start + (map - (char *)vmap);
+
+	// write data into staging buffer span
+	pdata += stride * src_y;
+	pdata += bytespb * src_x;
+	if (src_x == 0 && width == texture->wlr_texture.width &&
+			stride == packed_stride) {
+		memcpy(map, pdata, packed_stride * height);
+		map += packed_stride * height;
+	} else {
+		for (unsigned i = 0u; i < height; ++i) {
+			memcpy(map, pdata, packed_stride);
+			pdata += stride;
+			map += packed_stride;
+		}
+	}
+
+	VkBufferImageCopy copy;
+	copy.imageExtent.width = width;
+	copy.imageExtent.height = height;
+	copy.imageExtent.depth = 1;
+	copy.imageOffset.x = dst_x;
+	copy.imageOffset.y = dst_y;
+	copy.imageOffset.z = 0;
+	copy.bufferOffset = buf_off;
+	copy.bufferRowLength = width;
+	copy.bufferImageHeight = height;
+	copy.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
+	copy.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
+	copy.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
+	copy.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
+
+	assert((uint32_t)(map - (char *)vmap) == bsize);
+	vkUnmapMemory(dev, span.buffer->memory);
+
+	vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(cb, span.buffer->buffer, texture->image,
+		VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, &copy);
+	vulkan_change_layout(cb, texture->image,
+		VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT,
+		VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT,
+		VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,
+		VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT, VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT);
+	texture->last_used = renderer->frame;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static bool vulkan_texture_write_pixels(struct wlr_texture *wlr_texture,
+		uint32_t stride, uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t src_x,
+		uint32_t src_y, uint32_t dst_x, uint32_t dst_y, const void *vdata) {
+	return write_pixels(wlr_texture, stride, width, height, src_x, src_y,
+		dst_x, dst_y, vdata, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL,
+		VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT, VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT);
+}
+
+void vulkan_texture_destroy(struct wlr_vk_texture *texture) {
+	if (!texture->renderer) {
+		free(texture);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// when we recorded a command to fill this image _this_ frame,
+	// it has to be executed before the texture can be destroyed.
+	// Add it to the renderer->destroy_textures list, destroying
+	// _after_ the stage command buffer has exectued
+	if (texture->last_used == texture->renderer->frame) {
+		assert(texture->destroy_link.next == NULL); // not already inserted
+		wl_list_insert(&texture->renderer->destroy_textures,
+			&texture->destroy_link);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	wl_list_remove(&texture->link);
+	wl_list_remove(&texture->buffer_destroy.link);
+
+	VkDevice dev = texture->renderer->dev->dev;
+	if (texture->ds && texture->ds_pool) {
+		vulkan_free_ds(texture->renderer, texture->ds_pool, texture->ds);
+	}
+
+	vkDestroyImageView(dev, texture->image_view, NULL);
+	vkDestroyImage(dev, texture->image, NULL);
+
+	for (unsigned i = 0u; i < texture->mem_count; ++i) {
+		vkFreeMemory(dev, texture->memories[i], NULL);
+	}
+
+	free(texture);
+}
+
+static void vulkan_texture_unref(struct wlr_texture *wlr_texture) {
+	struct wlr_vk_texture *texture = vulkan_get_texture(wlr_texture);
+	if (texture->buffer != NULL) {
+		// Keep the texture around, in case the buffer is re-used later. We're
+		// still listening to the buffer's destroy event.
+		wlr_buffer_unlock(texture->buffer);
+	} else {
+		vulkan_texture_destroy(texture);
+	}
+}
+
+static const struct wlr_texture_impl texture_impl = {
+	.is_opaque = vulkan_texture_is_opaque,
+	.write_pixels = vulkan_texture_write_pixels,
+	.destroy = vulkan_texture_unref,
+};
+
+static struct wlr_vk_texture *vulkan_texture_create(
+		struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer, uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {
+	struct wlr_vk_texture *texture =
+		calloc(1, sizeof(struct wlr_vk_texture));
+	if (texture == NULL) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "Allocation failed");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	wlr_texture_init(&texture->wlr_texture, &texture_impl, width, height);
+	texture->renderer = renderer;
+	wl_list_insert(&renderer->textures, &texture->link);
+	wl_list_init(&texture->buffer_destroy.link);
+	return texture;
+}
+
+static struct wlr_texture *vulkan_texture_from_pixels(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
+		uint32_t drm_fmt, uint32_t stride, uint32_t width,
+		uint32_t height, const void *data) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+
+	VkResult res;
+	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
+
+	wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "vulkan_texture_from_pixels: %.4s, %dx%d",
+		(const char*) &drm_fmt, width, height);
+
+	const struct wlr_vk_format_props *fmt =
+		vulkan_format_props_from_drm(renderer->dev, drm_fmt);
+	if (fmt == NULL) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Unsupported pixel format %"PRIx32 " (%.4s)",
+			drm_fmt, (const char*) &drm_fmt);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_vk_texture *texture = vulkan_texture_create(renderer, width, height);
+	if (texture == NULL) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	texture->format = &fmt->format;
+
+	// create image
+	unsigned mem_bits = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+
+	VkImageCreateInfo img_info = {0};
+	img_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
+	img_info.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
+	img_info.format = texture->format->vk_format;
+	img_info.mipLevels = 1;
+	img_info.arrayLayers = 1;
+	img_info.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+	img_info.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
+	img_info.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
+	img_info.extent = (VkExtent3D) { width, height, 1 };
+	img_info.usage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
+
+	img_info.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL;
+	img_info.usage |= VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT;
+	mem_bits = vulkan_find_mem_type(renderer->dev,
+		VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, mem_bits);
+	VkImageLayout layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
+
+	res = vkCreateImage(dev, &img_info, NULL, &texture->image);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateImage failed", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	// memory
+	VkMemoryRequirements mem_reqs;
+	vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(dev, texture->image, &mem_reqs);
+
+	VkMemoryAllocateInfo mem_info = {0};
+	mem_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+	mem_info.allocationSize = mem_reqs.size;
+	mem_info.memoryTypeIndex = mem_bits & mem_reqs.memoryTypeBits;
+	res = vkAllocateMemory(dev, &mem_info, NULL, &texture->memories[0]);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkAllocatorMemory failed", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	texture->mem_count = 1;
+	res = vkBindImageMemory(dev, texture->image, texture->memories[0], 0);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkBindMemory failed", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	// view
+	VkImageViewCreateInfo view_info = {0};
+	view_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
+	view_info.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
+	view_info.format = texture->format->vk_format;
+	view_info.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+	view_info.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+	view_info.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+	view_info.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+
+	view_info.subresourceRange = (VkImageSubresourceRange) {
+		VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 1
+	};
+	view_info.image = texture->image;
+
+	res = vkCreateImageView(dev, &view_info, NULL,
+		&texture->image_view);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateImageView failed", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	// descriptor
+	texture->ds_pool = vulkan_alloc_texture_ds(renderer, &texture->ds);
+	if (!texture->ds_pool) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "failed to allocate descriptor");
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	VkDescriptorImageInfo ds_img_info = {0};
+	ds_img_info.imageView = texture->image_view;
+	ds_img_info.imageLayout = layout;
+
+	VkWriteDescriptorSet ds_write = {0};
+	ds_write.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
+	ds_write.descriptorCount = 1;
+	ds_write.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
+	ds_write.dstSet = texture->ds;
+	ds_write.pImageInfo = &ds_img_info;
+
+	vkUpdateDescriptorSets(dev, 1, &ds_write, 0, NULL);
+
+	// write data
+	if (!write_pixels(&texture->wlr_texture, stride,
+			width, height, 0, 0, 0, 0, data, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
+			VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT, 0)) {
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	return &texture->wlr_texture;
+
+error:
+	vulkan_texture_destroy(texture);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static bool is_dmabuf_disjoint(const struct wlr_dmabuf_attributes *attribs) {
+	if (attribs->n_planes == 1) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	struct stat first_stat;
+	if (fstat(attribs->fd[0], &first_stat) != 0) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "fstat failed");
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	for (int i = 1; i < attribs->n_planes; i++) {
+		struct stat plane_stat;
+		if (fstat(attribs->fd[i], &plane_stat) != 0) {
+			wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "fstat failed");
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		if (first_stat.st_ino != plane_stat.st_ino) {
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+VkImage vulkan_import_dmabuf(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
+		const struct wlr_dmabuf_attributes *attribs,
+		VkDeviceMemory mems[static WLR_DMABUF_MAX_PLANES], uint32_t *n_mems,
+		bool for_render) {
+	VkResult res;
+	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
+	*n_mems = 0u;
+
+	wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "vulkan_import_dmabuf: %.4s (mod %"PRIx64"), %dx%d, %d planes",
+		(const char *)&attribs->format, attribs->modifier,
+		attribs->width, attribs->height, attribs->n_planes);
+
+	struct wlr_vk_format_props *fmt = vulkan_format_props_from_drm(renderer->dev,
+		attribs->format);
+	if (fmt == NULL) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Unsupported pixel format %"PRIx32 " (%.4s)",
+			attribs->format, (const char*) &attribs->format);
+		return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+	uint32_t plane_count = attribs->n_planes;
+	assert(plane_count < WLR_DMABUF_MAX_PLANES);
+	struct wlr_vk_format_modifier_props *mod =
+		vulkan_format_props_find_modifier(fmt, attribs->modifier, for_render);
+	if (!mod || !(mod->dmabuf_flags & VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_FEATURE_IMPORTABLE_BIT)) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Format %"PRIx32" (%.4s) can't be used with modifier "
+			"%"PRIx64, attribs->format, (const char*) &attribs->format,
+			attribs->modifier);
+		return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+	if ((uint32_t) attribs->width > mod->max_extent.width ||
+			(uint32_t) attribs->height > mod->max_extent.height) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "dmabuf is too large to import");
+		return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+	if (mod->props.drmFormatModifierPlaneCount != plane_count) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Number of planes (%d) does not match format (%d)",
+			plane_count, mod->props.drmFormatModifierPlaneCount);
+		return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+	// check if we have to create the image disjoint
+	bool disjoint = is_dmabuf_disjoint(attribs);
+	if (disjoint && !(mod->props.drmFormatModifierTilingFeatures
+			& VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DISJOINT_BIT)) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Format/Modifier does not support disjoint images");
+		return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+	// image
+	VkExternalMemoryHandleTypeFlagBits htype =
+		VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_DMA_BUF_BIT_EXT;
+
+	VkImageCreateInfo img_info = {0};
+	img_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
+	img_info.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
+	img_info.format = fmt->format.vk_format;
+	img_info.mipLevels = 1;
+	img_info.arrayLayers = 1;
+	img_info.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+	img_info.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
+	img_info.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
+	img_info.extent = (VkExtent3D) { attribs->width, attribs->height, 1 };
+	img_info.usage = for_render ?
+		VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT :
+		VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT;
+	if (disjoint) {
+		img_info.flags = VK_IMAGE_CREATE_DISJOINT_BIT;
+	}
+
+	VkExternalMemoryImageCreateInfo eimg = {0};
+	eimg.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
+	eimg.handleTypes = VK_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_HANDLE_TYPE_DMA_BUF_BIT_EXT;
+	img_info.pNext = &eimg;
+
+	VkSubresourceLayout plane_layouts[WLR_DMABUF_MAX_PLANES] = {0};
+	VkImageDrmFormatModifierExplicitCreateInfoEXT mod_info = {0};
+
+	img_info.tiling = VK_IMAGE_TILING_DRM_FORMAT_MODIFIER_EXT;
+	for (unsigned i = 0u; i < plane_count; ++i) {
+		plane_layouts[i].offset = attribs->offset[i];
+		plane_layouts[i].rowPitch = attribs->stride[i];
+		plane_layouts[i].size = 0;
+	}
+
+	mod_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_DRM_FORMAT_MODIFIER_EXPLICIT_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
+	mod_info.drmFormatModifierPlaneCount = plane_count;
+	mod_info.drmFormatModifier = mod->props.drmFormatModifier;
+	mod_info.pPlaneLayouts = plane_layouts;
+	eimg.pNext = &mod_info;
+
+	VkImage image;
+	res = vkCreateImage(dev, &img_info, NULL, &image);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateImage", res);
+		return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+	unsigned mem_count = disjoint ? plane_count : 1u;
+	VkBindImageMemoryInfo bindi[WLR_DMABUF_MAX_PLANES] = {0};
+	VkBindImagePlaneMemoryInfo planei[WLR_DMABUF_MAX_PLANES] = {0};
+
+	for (unsigned i = 0u; i < mem_count; ++i) {
+		struct VkMemoryFdPropertiesKHR fdp = {0};
+		fdp.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_FD_PROPERTIES_KHR;
+		res = renderer->dev->api.getMemoryFdPropertiesKHR(dev, htype,
+			attribs->fd[i], &fdp);
+		if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+			wlr_vk_error("getMemoryFdPropertiesKHR", res);
+			goto error_image;
+		}
+
+		VkImageMemoryRequirementsInfo2 memri = {0};
+		memri.image = image;
+		memri.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_INFO_2;
+
+		VkImagePlaneMemoryRequirementsInfo planeri = {0};
+		if (disjoint) {
+			planeri.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_PLANE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_INFO;
+			planeri.planeAspect = mem_plane_aspect(i);
+			memri.pNext = &planeri;
+		}
+
+		VkMemoryRequirements2 memr = {0};
+		memr.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_REQUIREMENTS_2;
+
+		vkGetImageMemoryRequirements2(dev, &memri, &memr);
+		int mem = vulkan_find_mem_type(renderer->dev, 0,
+			memr.memoryRequirements.memoryTypeBits & fdp.memoryTypeBits);
+		if (mem < 0) {
+			wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "no valid memory type index");
+			goto error_image;
+		}
+
+		// Since importing transfers ownership of the FD to Vulkan, we have
+		// to duplicate it since this operation does not transfer ownership
+		// of the attribs to this texture. Will be closed by Vulkan on
+		// vkFreeMemory.
+		int dfd = fcntl(attribs->fd[i], F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 0);
+		if (dfd < 0) {
+			wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "fcntl(F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC) failed");
+			goto error_image;
+		}
+
+		VkMemoryAllocateInfo memi = {0};
+		memi.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+		memi.allocationSize = memr.memoryRequirements.size;
+		memi.memoryTypeIndex = mem;
+
+		VkImportMemoryFdInfoKHR importi = {0};
+		importi.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMPORT_MEMORY_FD_INFO_KHR;
+		importi.fd = dfd;
+		importi.handleType = htype;
+		memi.pNext = &importi;
+
+		VkMemoryDedicatedAllocateInfo dedi = {0};
+		dedi.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_DEDICATED_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+		dedi.image = image;
+		importi.pNext = &dedi;
+
+		res = vkAllocateMemory(dev, &memi, NULL, &mems[i]);
+		if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+			close(dfd);
+			wlr_vk_error("vkAllocateMemory failed", res);
+			goto error_image;
+		}
+
+		++(*n_mems);
+
+		// fill bind info
+		bindi[i].image = image;
+		bindi[i].memory = mems[i];
+		bindi[i].memoryOffset = 0;
+		bindi[i].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BIND_IMAGE_MEMORY_INFO;
+
+		if (disjoint) {
+			planei[i].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BIND_IMAGE_PLANE_MEMORY_INFO;
+			planei[i].planeAspect = planeri.planeAspect;
+			bindi[i].pNext = &planei[i];
+		}
+	}
+
+	res = vkBindImageMemory2(dev, mem_count, bindi);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkBindMemory failed", res);
+		goto error_image;
+	}
+
+	return image;
+
+error_image:
+	vkDestroyImage(dev, image, NULL);
+	for (size_t i = 0u; i < *n_mems; ++i) {
+		vkFreeMemory(dev, mems[i], NULL);
+		mems[i] = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+	return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+}
+
+static struct wlr_texture *vulkan_texture_from_dmabuf(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
+		struct wlr_dmabuf_attributes *attribs) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+
+	VkResult res;
+	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
+
+	const struct wlr_vk_format_props *fmt = vulkan_format_props_from_drm(
+		renderer->dev, attribs->format);
+	if (fmt == NULL) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Unsupported pixel format %"PRIx32 " (%.4s)",
+			attribs->format, (const char*) &attribs->format);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_vk_texture *texture = vulkan_texture_create(renderer,
+		attribs->width, attribs->height);
+	if (texture == NULL) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	texture->format = &fmt->format;
+	texture->image = vulkan_import_dmabuf(renderer, attribs,
+		texture->memories, &texture->mem_count, false);
+	if (!texture->image) {
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	uint32_t flags = attribs->flags;
+	if (flags & WLR_DMABUF_ATTRIBUTES_FLAGS_Y_INVERT) {
+		texture->invert_y = true;
+		flags &= ~WLR_DMABUF_ATTRIBUTES_FLAGS_Y_INVERT;
+	}
+
+	if (flags != 0) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "dmabuf flags %x not supported/implemented on vulkan",
+			attribs->flags);
+		// NOTE: should probably make this a critical error in future
+		// return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+	// view
+	VkImageViewCreateInfo view_info = {0};
+	view_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
+	view_info.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
+	view_info.format = texture->format->vk_format;
+	view_info.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+	view_info.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+	view_info.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+	view_info.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+
+	view_info.subresourceRange = (VkImageSubresourceRange) {
+		VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 1
+	};
+	view_info.image = texture->image;
+
+	res = vkCreateImageView(dev, &view_info, NULL, &texture->image_view);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateImageView failed", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	// descriptor
+	texture->ds_pool = vulkan_alloc_texture_ds(renderer, &texture->ds);
+	if (!texture->ds_pool) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "failed to allocate descriptor");
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	VkDescriptorImageInfo ds_img_info = {0};
+	ds_img_info.imageView = texture->image_view;
+	ds_img_info.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
+
+	VkWriteDescriptorSet ds_write = {0};
+	ds_write.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
+	ds_write.descriptorCount = 1;
+	ds_write.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
+	ds_write.dstSet = texture->ds;
+	ds_write.pImageInfo = &ds_img_info;
+
+	vkUpdateDescriptorSets(dev, 1, &ds_write, 0, NULL);
+	texture->dmabuf_imported = true;
+
+	return &texture->wlr_texture;
+
+error:
+	vulkan_texture_destroy(texture);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static void texture_handle_buffer_destroy(struct wl_listener *listener,
+		void *data) {
+	struct wlr_vk_texture *texture =
+		wl_container_of(listener, texture, buffer_destroy);
+	vulkan_texture_destroy(texture);
+}
+
+static struct wlr_texture *vulkan_texture_from_dmabuf_buffer(
+		struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer, struct wlr_buffer *buffer,
+		struct wlr_dmabuf_attributes *dmabuf) {
+	struct wlr_vk_texture *texture;
+	wl_list_for_each(texture, &renderer->textures, link) {
+		if (texture->buffer == buffer) {
+			wlr_buffer_lock(texture->buffer);
+			return &texture->wlr_texture;
+		}
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_texture *wlr_texture =
+		vulkan_texture_from_dmabuf(&renderer->wlr_renderer, dmabuf);
+	if (wlr_texture == NULL) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	texture = vulkan_get_texture(wlr_texture);
+	texture->buffer = wlr_buffer_lock(buffer);
+
+	texture->buffer_destroy.notify = texture_handle_buffer_destroy;
+	wl_signal_add(&buffer->events.destroy, &texture->buffer_destroy);
+
+	return &texture->wlr_texture;
+}
+
+struct wlr_texture *vulkan_texture_from_buffer(
+		struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
+		struct wlr_buffer *buffer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+
+	void *data;
+	uint32_t format;
+	size_t stride;
+	struct wlr_dmabuf_attributes dmabuf;
+	if (wlr_buffer_get_dmabuf(buffer, &dmabuf)) {
+		return vulkan_texture_from_dmabuf_buffer(renderer, buffer, &dmabuf);
+	} else if (wlr_buffer_begin_data_ptr_access(buffer,
+			WLR_BUFFER_DATA_PTR_ACCESS_READ, &data, &format, &stride)) {
+		struct wlr_texture *tex = vulkan_texture_from_pixels(wlr_renderer,
+			format, stride, buffer->width, buffer->height, data);
+		wlr_buffer_end_data_ptr_access(buffer);
+		return tex;
+	} else {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+}
diff --git a/render/vulkan/util.c b/render/vulkan/util.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b15c57eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/render/vulkan/util.c
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
+#include <wlr/util/log.h>
+#include "render/vulkan.h"
+
+int vulkan_find_mem_type(struct wlr_vk_device *dev,
+		VkMemoryPropertyFlags flags, uint32_t req_bits) {
+
+	VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties props;
+	vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(dev->phdev, &props);
+
+	for (unsigned i = 0u; i < props.memoryTypeCount; ++i) {
+		if (req_bits & (1 << i)) {
+			if ((props.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & flags) == flags) {
+				return i;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return -1;
+}
+
+const char *vulkan_strerror(VkResult err) {
+	#define ERR_STR(r) case VK_ ##r: return #r
+	switch (err) {
+	ERR_STR(SUCCESS);
+	ERR_STR(NOT_READY);
+	ERR_STR(TIMEOUT);
+	ERR_STR(EVENT_SET);
+	ERR_STR(EVENT_RESET);
+	ERR_STR(INCOMPLETE);
+	ERR_STR(SUBOPTIMAL_KHR);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_OUT_OF_HOST_MEMORY);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_OUT_OF_DEVICE_MEMORY);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_INITIALIZATION_FAILED);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_DEVICE_LOST);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_MEMORY_MAP_FAILED);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_LAYER_NOT_PRESENT);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_FEATURE_NOT_PRESENT);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DRIVER);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_TOO_MANY_OBJECTS);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_FORMAT_NOT_SUPPORTED);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_SURFACE_LOST_KHR);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_NATIVE_WINDOW_IN_USE_KHR);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_FRAGMENTED_POOL);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_INCOMPATIBLE_DISPLAY_KHR);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_VALIDATION_FAILED_EXT);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_INVALID_EXTERNAL_HANDLE);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_OUT_OF_POOL_MEMORY);
+	ERR_STR(ERROR_INVALID_DRM_FORMAT_MODIFIER_PLANE_LAYOUT_EXT);
+	default:
+		return "<unknown>";
+	}
+	#undef ERR_STR
+}
+
+void vulkan_change_layout_queue(VkCommandBuffer cb, VkImage img,
+		VkImageLayout ol, VkPipelineStageFlags srcs, VkAccessFlags srca,
+		VkImageLayout nl, VkPipelineStageFlags dsts, VkAccessFlags dsta,
+		uint32_t src_family, uint32_t dst_family) {
+	VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier = {0};
+	barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
+	barrier.oldLayout = ol;
+	barrier.newLayout = nl;
+	barrier.image = img;
+	barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
+	barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
+	barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
+	barrier.srcAccessMask = srca;
+	barrier.dstAccessMask = dsta;
+	barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = src_family;
+	barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = dst_family;
+
+	vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cb, srcs, dsts, 0, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, 1, &barrier);
+}
+
+void vulkan_change_layout(VkCommandBuffer cb, VkImage img,
+		VkImageLayout ol, VkPipelineStageFlags srcs, VkAccessFlags srca,
+		VkImageLayout nl, VkPipelineStageFlags dsts, VkAccessFlags dsta) {
+	vulkan_change_layout_queue(cb, img, ol, srcs, srca, nl, dsts, dsta,
+		VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED, VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED);
+}
+
+bool vulkan_has_extension(size_t count, const char **exts, const char *find) {
+	for (unsigned i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+		if (strcmp(exts[i], find) == 0u) {
+			return true;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
diff --git a/render/vulkan/vulkan.c b/render/vulkan/vulkan.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4932ec4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/render/vulkan/vulkan.c
@@ -0,0 +1,550 @@
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <xf86drm.h>
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
+#include <wlr/util/log.h>
+#include <wlr/version.h>
+#include <wlr/config.h>
+#include "render/vulkan.h"
+
+// Returns the name of the first extension that could not be found or NULL.
+static const char *find_extensions(const VkExtensionProperties *avail,
+		unsigned availc, const char **req, unsigned reqc) {
+	// check if all required extensions are supported
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < reqc; ++i) {
+		bool found = false;
+		for (size_t j = 0; j < availc; ++j) {
+			if (!strcmp(avail[j].extensionName, req[i])) {
+				found = true;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		if (!found) {
+			return req[i];
+		}
+	}
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static VkBool32 debug_callback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT severity,
+		VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT type,
+		const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT *debug_data,
+		void *data) {
+	// we ignore some of the non-helpful warnings
+	static const char *const ignored[] = {
+		// notifies us that shader output is not consumed since
+		// we use the shared vertex buffer with uv output
+		"UNASSIGNED-CoreValidation-Shader-OutputNotConsumed",
+	};
+
+	if (debug_data->pMessageIdName) {
+		for (unsigned i = 0; i < sizeof(ignored) / sizeof(ignored[0]); ++i) {
+			if (strcmp(debug_data->pMessageIdName, ignored[i]) == 0) {
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	enum wlr_log_importance importance;
+	switch (severity) {
+	case VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT:
+	case VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT:
+		importance = WLR_ERROR;
+		break;
+	default:
+	case VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_INFO_BIT_EXT:
+		importance = WLR_INFO;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	wlr_log(importance, "%s (%s)", debug_data->pMessage,
+		debug_data->pMessageIdName);
+	if (debug_data->queueLabelCount > 0) {
+		const char *name = debug_data->pQueueLabels[0].pLabelName;
+		if (name) {
+			wlr_log(importance, "    last label '%s'", name);
+		}
+	}
+
+	for (unsigned i = 0; i < debug_data->objectCount; ++i) {
+		if (debug_data->pObjects[i].pObjectName) {
+			wlr_log(importance, "    involving '%s'", debug_data->pMessage);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+
+// instance
+struct wlr_vk_instance *vulkan_instance_create(size_t ext_count,
+		const char **exts, bool debug) {
+	// we require vulkan 1.1
+	PFN_vkEnumerateInstanceVersion pfEnumInstanceVersion =
+		(PFN_vkEnumerateInstanceVersion)
+		vkGetInstanceProcAddr(VK_NULL_HANDLE, "vkEnumerateInstanceVersion");
+	if (!pfEnumInstanceVersion) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "wlroots requires vulkan 1.1 which is not available");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	uint32_t ini_version;
+	if (pfEnumInstanceVersion(&ini_version) != VK_SUCCESS ||
+			ini_version < VK_API_VERSION_1_1) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "wlroots requires vulkan 1.1 which is not available");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// query extension support
+	uint32_t avail_extc = 0;
+	VkResult res;
+	res = vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(NULL, &avail_extc, NULL);
+	if ((res != VK_SUCCESS) || (avail_extc == 0)) {
+		wlr_vk_error("Could not enumerate instance extensions (1)", res);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	VkExtensionProperties avail_ext_props[avail_extc + 1];
+	res = vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(NULL, &avail_extc,
+		avail_ext_props);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("Could not enumerate instance extensions (2)", res);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	for (size_t j = 0; j < avail_extc; ++j) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "Vulkan instance extension %s v%"PRIu32,
+			avail_ext_props[j].extensionName, avail_ext_props[j].specVersion);
+	}
+
+	// create instance
+	struct wlr_vk_instance *ini = calloc(1, sizeof(*ini));
+	if (!ini) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "allocation failed");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	bool debug_utils_found = false;
+	ini->extensions = calloc(1 + ext_count, sizeof(*ini->extensions));
+	if (!ini->extensions) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "allocation failed");
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	// find extensions
+	for (unsigned i = 0; i < ext_count; ++i) {
+		if (find_extensions(avail_ext_props, avail_extc, &exts[i], 1)) {
+			wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "vulkan instance extension %s not found",
+				exts[i]);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		ini->extensions[ini->extension_count++] = exts[i];
+	}
+
+	if (debug) {
+		const char *name = VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME;
+		if (find_extensions(avail_ext_props, avail_extc, &name, 1) == NULL) {
+			debug_utils_found = true;
+			ini->extensions[ini->extension_count++] = name;
+		}
+	}
+
+	VkApplicationInfo application_info = {0};
+	application_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
+	application_info.pEngineName = "wlroots";
+	application_info.engineVersion = WLR_VERSION_NUM;
+	application_info.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_1;
+
+	const char *layers[] = {
+		"VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation",
+		// "VK_LAYER_RENDERDOC_Capture",
+		// "VK_LAYER_live_introspection",
+	};
+
+	unsigned layer_count = debug * (sizeof(layers) / sizeof(layers[0]));
+
+	VkInstanceCreateInfo instance_info = {0};
+	instance_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
+	instance_info.pApplicationInfo = &application_info;
+	instance_info.enabledExtensionCount = ini->extension_count;
+	instance_info.ppEnabledExtensionNames = ini->extensions;
+	instance_info.enabledLayerCount = layer_count;
+	instance_info.ppEnabledLayerNames = layers;
+
+	VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT severity =
+		// VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_INFO_BIT_EXT |
+		VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT |
+		VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
+	VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT types =
+		// VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT |
+		VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT |
+		VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
+
+	VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debug_info = {0};
+	debug_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
+	debug_info.messageSeverity = severity;
+	debug_info.messageType = types;
+	debug_info.pfnUserCallback = &debug_callback;
+	debug_info.pUserData = ini;
+
+	if (debug_utils_found) {
+		// already adding the debug utils messenger extension to
+		// instance creation gives us additional information during
+		// instance creation and destruction, can be useful for debugging
+		// layers/extensions not being found.
+		instance_info.pNext = &debug_info;
+	}
+
+	res = vkCreateInstance(&instance_info, NULL, &ini->instance);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("Could not create instance", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	// debug callback
+	if (debug_utils_found) {
+		ini->api.createDebugUtilsMessengerEXT =
+			(PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT) vkGetInstanceProcAddr(
+				ini->instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
+		ini->api.destroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT =
+			(PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT) vkGetInstanceProcAddr(
+				ini->instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
+
+		if (ini->api.createDebugUtilsMessengerEXT) {
+			ini->api.createDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(ini->instance,
+				&debug_info, NULL, &ini->messenger);
+		} else {
+			wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT not found");
+		}
+	}
+
+	return ini;
+
+error:
+	vulkan_instance_destroy(ini);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+void vulkan_instance_destroy(struct wlr_vk_instance *ini) {
+	if (!ini) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (ini->messenger && ini->api.destroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT) {
+		ini->api.destroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(ini->instance,
+			ini->messenger, NULL);
+	}
+
+	if (ini->instance) {
+		vkDestroyInstance(ini->instance, NULL);
+	}
+
+	free(ini->extensions);
+	free(ini);
+}
+
+// physical device matching
+static void log_phdev(const VkPhysicalDeviceProperties *props) {
+	uint32_t vv_major = VK_VERSION_MAJOR(props->apiVersion);
+	uint32_t vv_minor = VK_VERSION_MINOR(props->apiVersion);
+	uint32_t vv_patch = VK_VERSION_PATCH(props->apiVersion);
+
+	uint32_t dv_major = VK_VERSION_MAJOR(props->driverVersion);
+	uint32_t dv_minor = VK_VERSION_MINOR(props->driverVersion);
+	uint32_t dv_patch = VK_VERSION_PATCH(props->driverVersion);
+
+	const char *dev_type = "unknown";
+	switch (props->deviceType) {
+	case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_INTEGRATED_GPU:
+		dev_type = "integrated";
+		break;
+	case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_DISCRETE_GPU:
+		dev_type = "discrete";
+		break;
+	case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_CPU:
+		dev_type = "cpu";
+		break;
+	case VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_VIRTUAL_GPU:
+		dev_type = "vgpu";
+		break;
+	default:
+		break;
+	}
+
+	wlr_log(WLR_INFO, "Vulkan device: '%s'", props->deviceName);
+	wlr_log(WLR_INFO, "  Device type: '%s'", dev_type);
+	wlr_log(WLR_INFO, "  Supported API version: %u.%u.%u", vv_major, vv_minor, vv_patch);
+	wlr_log(WLR_INFO, "  Driver version: %u.%u.%u", dv_major, dv_minor, dv_patch);
+}
+
+VkPhysicalDevice vulkan_find_drm_phdev(struct wlr_vk_instance *ini, int drm_fd) {
+	VkResult res;
+	uint32_t num_phdevs;
+
+	res = vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(ini->instance, &num_phdevs, NULL);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("Could not retrieve physical devices", res);
+		return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+	VkPhysicalDevice phdevs[1 + num_phdevs];
+	res = vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(ini->instance, &num_phdevs, phdevs);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("Could not retrieve physical devices", res);
+		return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+	struct stat drm_stat = {0};
+	if (fstat(drm_fd, &drm_stat) != 0) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "fstat failed");
+		return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	}
+
+	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < num_phdevs; ++i) {
+		VkPhysicalDevice phdev = phdevs[i];
+
+		// check whether device supports vulkan 1.1, needed for
+		// vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2
+		VkPhysicalDeviceProperties phdev_props;
+		vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(phdev, &phdev_props);
+
+		log_phdev(&phdev_props);
+
+		if (phdev_props.apiVersion < VK_API_VERSION_1_1) {
+			// NOTE: we could additionaly check whether the
+			// VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2KHR extension is supported but
+			// implementations not supporting 1.1 are unlikely in future
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		// check for extensions
+		uint32_t avail_extc = 0;
+		res = vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(phdev, NULL,
+			&avail_extc, NULL);
+		if ((res != VK_SUCCESS) || (avail_extc == 0)) {
+			wlr_vk_error("  Could not enumerate device extensions", res);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		VkExtensionProperties avail_ext_props[avail_extc + 1];
+		res = vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(phdev, NULL,
+			&avail_extc, avail_ext_props);
+		if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+			wlr_vk_error("  Could not enumerate device extensions", res);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		const char *name = VK_EXT_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_DRM_EXTENSION_NAME;
+		if (find_extensions(avail_ext_props, avail_extc, &name, 1) != NULL) {
+			wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "  Ignoring physical device \"%s\": "
+				"VK_EXT_physical_device_drm not supported",
+				phdev_props.deviceName);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		VkPhysicalDeviceDrmPropertiesEXT drm_props = {0};
+		drm_props.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_DRM_PROPERTIES_EXT;
+
+		VkPhysicalDeviceProperties2 props = {0};
+		props.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROPERTIES_2;
+		props.pNext = &drm_props;
+
+		vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties2(phdev, &props);
+
+		dev_t primary_devid = makedev(drm_props.primaryMajor, drm_props.primaryMinor);
+		dev_t render_devid = makedev(drm_props.renderMajor, drm_props.renderMinor);
+		if (primary_devid == drm_stat.st_rdev ||
+				render_devid == drm_stat.st_rdev) {
+			wlr_log(WLR_INFO, "Found matching Vulkan physical device: %s",
+				phdev_props.deviceName);
+			return phdev;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+}
+
+struct wlr_vk_device *vulkan_device_create(struct wlr_vk_instance *ini,
+		VkPhysicalDevice phdev, size_t ext_count, const char **exts) {
+	VkResult res;
+
+	// check for extensions
+	uint32_t avail_extc = 0;
+	res = vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(phdev, NULL,
+		&avail_extc, NULL);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS || avail_extc == 0) {
+		wlr_vk_error("Could not enumerate device extensions (1)", res);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	VkExtensionProperties avail_ext_props[avail_extc + 1];
+	res = vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(phdev, NULL,
+		&avail_extc, avail_ext_props);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("Could not enumerate device extensions (2)", res);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	for (size_t j = 0; j < avail_extc; ++j) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "Vulkan device extension %s v%"PRIu32,
+			avail_ext_props[j].extensionName, avail_ext_props[j].specVersion);
+	}
+
+	// create device
+	struct wlr_vk_device *dev = calloc(1, sizeof(*dev));
+	if (!dev) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "allocation failed");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	dev->phdev = phdev;
+	dev->instance = ini;
+	dev->drm_fd = -1;
+	dev->extensions = calloc(16 + ext_count, sizeof(*ini->extensions));
+	if (!dev->extensions) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "allocation failed");
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	// find extensions
+	for (unsigned i = 0; i < ext_count; ++i) {
+		if (find_extensions(avail_ext_props, avail_extc, &exts[i], 1)) {
+			wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "vulkan device extension %s not found",
+				exts[i]);
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		dev->extensions[dev->extension_count++] = exts[i];
+	}
+
+	// For dmabuf import we require at least the external_memory_fd,
+	// external_memory_dma_buf, queue_family_foreign and
+	// image_drm_format_modifier extensions.
+	const char *names[] = {
+		VK_KHR_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_FD_EXTENSION_NAME,
+		VK_KHR_IMAGE_FORMAT_LIST_EXTENSION_NAME, // or vulkan 1.2
+		VK_EXT_EXTERNAL_MEMORY_DMA_BUF_EXTENSION_NAME,
+		VK_EXT_QUEUE_FAMILY_FOREIGN_EXTENSION_NAME,
+		VK_EXT_IMAGE_DRM_FORMAT_MODIFIER_EXTENSION_NAME,
+	};
+
+	unsigned nc = sizeof(names) / sizeof(names[0]);
+	const char *not_found = find_extensions(avail_ext_props, avail_extc, names, nc);
+	if (not_found) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "vulkan: required device extension %s not found",
+			not_found);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	for (unsigned i = 0u; i < nc; ++i) {
+		dev->extensions[dev->extension_count++] = names[i];
+	}
+
+	// queue families
+	{
+		uint32_t qfam_count;
+		vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(phdev, &qfam_count, NULL);
+		assert(qfam_count > 0);
+		VkQueueFamilyProperties queue_props[qfam_count];
+		vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(phdev, &qfam_count,
+			queue_props);
+
+		bool graphics_found = false;
+		for (unsigned i = 0u; i < qfam_count; ++i) {
+			graphics_found = queue_props[i].queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT;
+			if (graphics_found) {
+				dev->queue_family = i;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		assert(graphics_found);
+	}
+
+	const float prio = 1.f;
+	VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo qinfo = {};
+	qinfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
+	qinfo.queueFamilyIndex = dev->queue_family;
+	qinfo.queueCount = 1;
+	qinfo.pQueuePriorities = &prio;
+
+	VkDeviceCreateInfo dev_info = {0};
+	dev_info.pNext = NULL;
+	dev_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;
+	dev_info.queueCreateInfoCount = 1u;
+	dev_info.pQueueCreateInfos = &qinfo;
+	dev_info.enabledExtensionCount = dev->extension_count;
+	dev_info.ppEnabledExtensionNames = dev->extensions;
+
+	res = vkCreateDevice(phdev, &dev_info, NULL, &dev->dev);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("Failed to create vulkan device", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+
+	vkGetDeviceQueue(dev->dev, dev->queue_family, 0, &dev->queue);
+
+	// load api
+	dev->api.getMemoryFdPropertiesKHR = (PFN_vkGetMemoryFdPropertiesKHR)
+		vkGetDeviceProcAddr(dev->dev, "vkGetMemoryFdPropertiesKHR");
+
+	if (!dev->api.getMemoryFdPropertiesKHR) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Failed to retrieve required dev function pointers");
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	// - check device format support -
+	size_t max_fmts;
+	const struct wlr_vk_format *fmts = vulkan_get_format_list(&max_fmts);
+	dev->shm_formats = calloc(max_fmts, sizeof(*dev->shm_formats));
+	dev->format_props = calloc(max_fmts, sizeof(*dev->format_props));
+	if (!dev->shm_formats || !dev->format_props) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "allocation failed");
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	for (unsigned i = 0u; i < max_fmts; ++i) {
+		vulkan_format_props_query(dev, &fmts[i]);
+	}
+
+	return dev;
+
+error:
+	vulkan_device_destroy(dev);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+void vulkan_device_destroy(struct wlr_vk_device *dev) {
+	if (!dev) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (dev->dev) {
+		vkDestroyDevice(dev->dev, NULL);
+	}
+
+	if (dev->drm_fd > 0) {
+		close(dev->drm_fd);
+	}
+
+	wlr_drm_format_set_finish(&dev->dmabuf_render_formats);
+	wlr_drm_format_set_finish(&dev->dmabuf_texture_formats);
+
+	for (unsigned i = 0u; i < dev->format_prop_count; ++i) {
+		vulkan_format_props_finish(&dev->format_props[i]);
+	}
+
+	free(dev->extensions);
+	free(dev->shm_formats);
+	free(dev->format_props);
+	free(dev);
+}
diff --git a/render/wlr_renderer.c b/render/wlr_renderer.c
index 5818cd4a..8a1f1e94 100644
--- a/render/wlr_renderer.c
+++ b/render/wlr_renderer.c
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@
 #include <wlr/render/gles2.h>
 #endif
 
+#if WLR_HAS_VULKAN_RENDERER
+#include <wlr/render/vulkan.h>
+#endif // WLR_HAS_VULKAN_RENDERER
+
 #include "util/signal.h"
 #include "render/pixel_format.h"
 #include "render/wlr_renderer.h"
@@ -258,6 +262,11 @@ struct wlr_renderer *renderer_autocreate_with_drm_fd(int drm_fd) {
 			return wlr_gles2_renderer_create_with_drm_fd(drm_fd);
 		}
 #endif
+#if WLR_HAS_VULKAN_RENDERER
+		if (strcmp(name, "vulkan") == 0) {
+			return wlr_vk_renderer_create_with_drm_fd(drm_fd);
+		}
+#endif
 		if (strcmp(name, "pixman") == 0) {
 			return wlr_pixman_renderer_create();
 		}