render/vulkan: add Vulkan renderer

This new renderer is implemented with the existing wlr_renderer API
(which is known to be sub-optimal for some operations). It's not
used by default, but users can opt-in by setting WLR_RENDERER=vulkan.

The renderer depends on VK_EXT_image_drm_format_modifier and
VK_EXT_physical_device_drm.

Co-authored-by: Simon Ser <contact@emersion.fr>
Co-authored-by: Jan Beich <jbeich@FreeBSD.org>

1 files changed, 1540 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/render/vulkan/renderer.c b/render/vulkan/renderer.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4fae81a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/render/vulkan/renderer.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1540 @@
+#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200809L
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <drm_fourcc.h>
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.h>
+#include <wlr/render/interface.h>
+#include <wlr/types/wlr_drm.h>
+#include <wlr/types/wlr_matrix.h>
+#include <wlr/util/box.h>
+#include <wlr/util/log.h>
+#include <wlr/render/vulkan.h>
+#include <wlr/backend/interface.h>
+#include <wlr/types/wlr_linux_dmabuf_v1.h>
+
+#include "render/pixel_format.h"
+#include "render/vulkan.h"
+#include "render/vulkan/shaders/common.vert.h"
+#include "render/vulkan/shaders/texture.frag.h"
+#include "render/vulkan/shaders/quad.frag.h"
+#include "types/wlr_buffer.h"
+
+// TODO:
+// - simplify stage allocation, don't track allocations but use ringbuffer-like
+// - use a pipeline cache (not sure when to save though, after every pipeline
+//   creation?)
+// - create pipelines as derivatives of each other
+// - evaluate if creating VkDeviceMemory pools is a good idea.
+//   We can expect wayland client images to be fairly large (and shouldn't
+//   have more than 4k of those I guess) but pooling memory allocations
+//   might still be a good idea.
+
+static const VkDeviceSize min_stage_size = 1024 * 1024; // 1MB
+static const VkDeviceSize max_stage_size = 64 * min_stage_size; // 64MB
+static const size_t start_descriptor_pool_size = 256u;
+static bool default_debug = true;
+
+static const struct wlr_renderer_impl renderer_impl;
+
+struct wlr_vk_renderer *vulkan_get_renderer(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	assert(wlr_renderer->impl == &renderer_impl);
+	return (struct wlr_vk_renderer *)wlr_renderer;
+}
+
+static struct wlr_vk_render_format_setup *find_or_create_render_setup(
+		struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer, VkFormat format);
+
+// vertex shader push constant range data
+struct vert_pcr_data {
+	float mat4[4][4];
+	float uv_off[2];
+	float uv_size[2];
+};
+
+// https://www.w3.org/Graphics/Color/srgb
+static float color_to_linear(float non_linear) {
+	return (non_linear > 0.04045) ?
+		pow((non_linear + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4) :
+		non_linear / 12.92;
+}
+
+// renderer
+// util
+static void mat3_to_mat4(const float mat3[9], float mat4[4][4]) {
+	memset(mat4, 0, sizeof(float) * 16);
+	mat4[0][0] = mat3[0];
+	mat4[0][1] = mat3[1];
+	mat4[0][3] = mat3[2];
+
+	mat4[1][0] = mat3[3];
+	mat4[1][1] = mat3[4];
+	mat4[1][3] = mat3[5];
+
+	mat4[2][2] = 1.f;
+	mat4[3][3] = 1.f;
+}
+
+struct wlr_vk_descriptor_pool *vulkan_alloc_texture_ds(
+		struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer, VkDescriptorSet *ds) {
+	VkResult res;
+	VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo ds_info = {0};
+	ds_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+	ds_info.descriptorSetCount = 1;
+	ds_info.pSetLayouts = &renderer->ds_layout;
+
+	bool found = false;
+	struct wlr_vk_descriptor_pool *pool;
+	wl_list_for_each(pool, &renderer->descriptor_pools, link) {
+		if (pool->free > 0) {
+			found = true;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!found) { // create new pool
+		pool = calloc(1, sizeof(*pool));
+		if (!pool) {
+			wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "allocation failed");
+			return NULL;
+		}
+
+		size_t count = renderer->last_pool_size;
+		if (!count) {
+			count = start_descriptor_pool_size;
+		}
+
+		pool->free = count;
+		VkDescriptorPoolSize pool_size = {0};
+		pool_size.descriptorCount = count;
+		pool_size.type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
+
+		VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo dpool_info = {0};
+		dpool_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
+		dpool_info.maxSets = count;
+		dpool_info.poolSizeCount = 1;
+		dpool_info.pPoolSizes = &pool_size;
+		dpool_info.flags = VK_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_FREE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_BIT;
+
+		res = vkCreateDescriptorPool(renderer->dev->dev, &dpool_info, NULL,
+			&pool->pool);
+		if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+			wlr_vk_error("vkCreateDescriptorPool", res);
+			free(pool);
+			return NULL;
+		}
+
+		wl_list_insert(&renderer->descriptor_pools, &pool->link);
+	}
+
+	ds_info.descriptorPool = pool->pool;
+	res = vkAllocateDescriptorSets(renderer->dev->dev, &ds_info, ds);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkAllocateDescriptorSets", res);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	--pool->free;
+	return pool;
+}
+
+void vulkan_free_ds(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
+		struct wlr_vk_descriptor_pool *pool, VkDescriptorSet ds) {
+	vkFreeDescriptorSets(renderer->dev->dev, pool->pool, 1, &ds);
+	++pool->free;
+}
+
+static void destroy_render_format_setup(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
+		struct wlr_vk_render_format_setup *setup) {
+	if (!setup) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
+	vkDestroyRenderPass(dev, setup->render_pass, NULL);
+	vkDestroyPipeline(dev, setup->tex_pipe, NULL);
+	vkDestroyPipeline(dev, setup->quad_pipe, NULL);
+}
+
+static void shared_buffer_destroy(struct wlr_vk_renderer *r,
+		struct wlr_vk_shared_buffer *buffer) {
+	if (!buffer) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (buffer->allocs_size > 0) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "shared_buffer_finish: %d allocations left",
+			(unsigned) buffer->allocs_size);
+	}
+
+	free(buffer->allocs);
+	if (buffer->buffer) {
+		vkDestroyBuffer(r->dev->dev, buffer->buffer, NULL);
+	}
+	if (buffer->memory) {
+		vkFreeMemory(r->dev->dev, buffer->memory, NULL);
+	}
+
+	wl_list_remove(&buffer->link);
+	free(buffer);
+}
+
+static void release_stage_allocations(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_shared_buffer *buf;
+	wl_list_for_each(buf, &renderer->stage.buffers, link) {
+		buf->allocs_size = 0u;
+	}
+}
+
+struct wlr_vk_buffer_span vulkan_get_stage_span(struct wlr_vk_renderer *r,
+		VkDeviceSize size) {
+	// try to find free span
+	// simple greedy allocation algorithm - should be enough for this usecase
+	// since all allocations are freed together after the frame
+	struct wlr_vk_shared_buffer *buf;
+	wl_list_for_each_reverse(buf, &r->stage.buffers, link) {
+		VkDeviceSize start = 0u;
+		if (buf->allocs_size > 0) {
+			struct wlr_vk_allocation *last = &buf->allocs[buf->allocs_size - 1];
+			start = last->start + last->size;
+		}
+
+		assert(start <= buf->buf_size);
+		if (buf->buf_size - start < size) {
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		++buf->allocs_size;
+		if (buf->allocs_size > buf->allocs_capacity) {
+			buf->allocs_capacity = buf->allocs_size * 2;
+			void *allocs = realloc(buf->allocs,
+				buf->allocs_capacity * sizeof(*buf->allocs));
+			if (!allocs) {
+				wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "Allocation failed");
+				goto error_alloc;
+			}
+
+			buf->allocs = allocs;
+		}
+
+		struct wlr_vk_allocation *a = &buf->allocs[buf->allocs_size - 1];
+		a->start = start;
+		a->size = size;
+		return (struct wlr_vk_buffer_span) {
+			.buffer = buf,
+			.alloc = *a,
+		};
+	}
+
+	// we didn't find a free buffer - create one
+	// size = clamp(max(size * 2, prev_size * 2), min_size, max_size)
+	VkDeviceSize bsize = size * 2;
+	bsize = bsize < min_stage_size ? min_stage_size : bsize;
+	if (!wl_list_empty(&r->stage.buffers)) {
+		struct wl_list *last_link = r->stage.buffers.prev;
+		struct wlr_vk_shared_buffer *prev = wl_container_of(
+			last_link, prev, link);
+		VkDeviceSize last_size = 2 * prev->buf_size;
+		bsize = bsize < last_size ? last_size : bsize;
+	}
+
+	if (bsize > max_stage_size) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_INFO, "vulkan stage buffers have reached max size");
+		bsize = max_stage_size;
+	}
+
+	// create buffer
+	buf = calloc(1, sizeof(*buf));
+	if (!buf) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "Allocation failed");
+		goto error_alloc;
+	}
+
+	VkResult res;
+	VkBufferCreateInfo buf_info = {0};
+	buf_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
+	buf_info.size = bsize;
+	buf_info.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT |
+		VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT;
+	buf_info.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
+	res = vkCreateBuffer(r->dev->dev, &buf_info, NULL, &buf->buffer);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateBuffer", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	VkMemoryRequirements mem_reqs;
+	vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(r->dev->dev, buf->buffer, &mem_reqs);
+
+	VkMemoryAllocateInfo mem_info = {0};
+	mem_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+	mem_info.allocationSize = mem_reqs.size;
+	mem_info.memoryTypeIndex = vulkan_find_mem_type(r->dev,
+		VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
+		VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, mem_reqs.memoryTypeBits);
+	res = vkAllocateMemory(r->dev->dev, &mem_info, NULL, &buf->memory);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkAllocatorMemory", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	res = vkBindBufferMemory(r->dev->dev, buf->buffer, buf->memory, 0);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkBindBufferMemory", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	size_t start_count = 8u;
+	buf->allocs = calloc(start_count, sizeof(*buf->allocs));
+	if (!buf->allocs) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "Allocation failed");
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "Created new vk staging buffer of size %" PRIu64, bsize);
+	buf->buf_size = bsize;
+	wl_list_insert(&r->stage.buffers, &buf->link);
+
+	buf->allocs_capacity = start_count;
+	buf->allocs_size = 1u;
+	buf->allocs[0].start = 0u;
+	buf->allocs[0].size = size;
+	return (struct wlr_vk_buffer_span) {
+		.buffer = buf,
+		.alloc = buf->allocs[0],
+	};
+
+error:
+	shared_buffer_destroy(r, buf);
+
+error_alloc:
+	return (struct wlr_vk_buffer_span) {
+		.buffer = NULL,
+		.alloc = (struct wlr_vk_allocation) {0, 0},
+	};
+}
+
+VkCommandBuffer vulkan_record_stage_cb(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
+	if (!renderer->stage.recording) {
+		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo begin_info = {0};
+		begin_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
+		vkBeginCommandBuffer(renderer->stage.cb, &begin_info);
+		renderer->stage.recording = true;
+	}
+
+	return renderer->stage.cb;
+}
+
+bool vulkan_submit_stage_wait(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
+	if (!renderer->stage.recording) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	vkEndCommandBuffer(renderer->stage.cb);
+	renderer->stage.recording = false;
+
+	VkSubmitInfo submit_info = {0};
+	submit_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
+	submit_info.commandBufferCount = 1u;
+	submit_info.pCommandBuffers = &renderer->stage.cb;
+	VkResult res = vkQueueSubmit(renderer->dev->queue, 1,
+		&submit_info, renderer->fence);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkQueueSubmit", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	res = vkWaitForFences(renderer->dev->dev, 1, &renderer->fence, true,
+		UINT64_MAX);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkWaitForFences", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	// NOTE: don't release stage allocations here since they may still be
+	// used for reading. Will be done next frame.
+	res = vkResetFences(renderer->dev->dev, 1, &renderer->fence);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkResetFences", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+struct wlr_vk_format_props *vulkan_format_props_from_drm(
+		struct wlr_vk_device *dev, uint32_t drm_fmt) {
+	for (size_t i = 0u; i < dev->format_prop_count; ++i) {
+		if (dev->format_props[i].format.drm_format == drm_fmt) {
+			return &dev->format_props[i];
+		}
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+// buffer import
+static void destroy_render_buffer(struct wlr_vk_render_buffer *buffer) {
+	wl_list_remove(&buffer->link);
+	wl_list_remove(&buffer->buffer_destroy.link);
+
+	assert(buffer->renderer->current_render_buffer != buffer);
+
+	VkDevice dev = buffer->renderer->dev->dev;
+
+	vkDestroyFramebuffer(dev, buffer->framebuffer, NULL);
+	vkDestroyImageView(dev, buffer->image_view, NULL);
+	vkDestroyImage(dev, buffer->image, NULL);
+
+	for (size_t i = 0u; i < buffer->mem_count; ++i) {
+		vkFreeMemory(dev, buffer->memories[i], NULL);
+	}
+
+	free(buffer);
+}
+
+static struct wlr_vk_render_buffer *get_render_buffer(
+		struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer, struct wlr_buffer *wlr_buffer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_render_buffer *buffer;
+	wl_list_for_each(buffer, &renderer->render_buffers, link) {
+		if (buffer->wlr_buffer == wlr_buffer) {
+			return buffer;
+		}
+	}
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+static void handle_render_buffer_destroy(struct wl_listener *listener, void *data) {
+	struct wlr_vk_render_buffer *buffer =
+		wl_container_of(listener, buffer, buffer_destroy);
+	destroy_render_buffer(buffer);
+}
+
+static struct wlr_vk_render_buffer *create_render_buffer(
+		struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer, struct wlr_buffer *wlr_buffer) {
+	VkResult res;
+
+	struct wlr_vk_render_buffer *buffer = calloc(1, sizeof(*buffer));
+	if (buffer == NULL) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "Allocation failed");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	buffer->wlr_buffer = wlr_buffer;
+	buffer->renderer = renderer;
+
+	struct wlr_dmabuf_attributes dmabuf = {0};
+	if (!wlr_buffer_get_dmabuf(wlr_buffer, &dmabuf)) {
+		goto error_buffer;
+	}
+
+	wlr_log(WLR_DEBUG, "vulkan create_render_buffer: %.4s, %dx%d",
+		(const char*) &dmabuf.format, dmabuf.width, dmabuf.height);
+
+	// NOTE: we could at least support WLR_DMABUF_ATTRIBUTES_FLAGS_Y_INVERT
+	// if it is needed by anyone. Can be implemented using negative viewport
+	// height or flipping matrix.
+	if (dmabuf.flags != 0) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "dmabuf flags %x not supported/implemented on vulkan",
+			dmabuf.flags);
+		goto error_buffer;
+	}
+
+	buffer->image = vulkan_import_dmabuf(renderer, &dmabuf,
+		buffer->memories, &buffer->mem_count, true);
+	if (!buffer->image) {
+		goto error_buffer;
+	}
+
+	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
+	const struct wlr_vk_format_props *fmt = vulkan_format_props_from_drm(
+		renderer->dev, dmabuf.format);
+	if (fmt == NULL) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Unsupported pixel format %"PRIx32 " (%.4s)",
+			dmabuf.format, (const char*) &dmabuf.format);
+		goto error_buffer;
+	}
+
+	VkImageViewCreateInfo view_info = {0};
+	view_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
+	view_info.image = buffer->image;
+	view_info.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
+	view_info.format = fmt->format.vk_format;
+	view_info.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+	view_info.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+	view_info.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+	view_info.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
+	view_info.subresourceRange = (VkImageSubresourceRange) {
+		VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 1
+	};
+
+	res = vkCreateImageView(dev, &view_info, NULL, &buffer->image_view);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateImageView failed", res);
+		goto error_view;
+	}
+
+	buffer->render_setup = find_or_create_render_setup(
+		renderer, fmt->format.vk_format);
+	if (!buffer->render_setup) {
+		goto error_view;
+	}
+
+	VkFramebufferCreateInfo fb_info = {0};
+	fb_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
+	fb_info.attachmentCount = 1u;
+	fb_info.pAttachments = &buffer->image_view;
+	fb_info.flags = 0u;
+	fb_info.width = dmabuf.width;
+	fb_info.height = dmabuf.height;
+	fb_info.layers = 1u;
+	fb_info.renderPass = buffer->render_setup->render_pass;
+
+	res = vkCreateFramebuffer(dev, &fb_info, NULL, &buffer->framebuffer);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateFramebuffer", res);
+		goto error_view;
+	}
+
+	buffer->buffer_destroy.notify = handle_render_buffer_destroy;
+	wl_signal_add(&wlr_buffer->events.destroy, &buffer->buffer_destroy);
+	wl_list_insert(&renderer->render_buffers, &buffer->link);
+
+	return buffer;
+
+error_view:
+	vkDestroyFramebuffer(dev, buffer->framebuffer, NULL);
+	vkDestroyImageView(dev, buffer->image_view, NULL);
+	vkDestroyImage(dev, buffer->image, NULL);
+	for (size_t i = 0u; i < buffer->mem_count; ++i) {
+		vkFreeMemory(dev, buffer->memories[i], NULL);
+	}
+error_buffer:
+	wlr_dmabuf_attributes_finish(&dmabuf);
+	free(buffer);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+// interface implementation
+static bool vulkan_bind_buffer(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
+		struct wlr_buffer *wlr_buffer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+
+	if (renderer->current_render_buffer) {
+		wlr_buffer_unlock(renderer->current_render_buffer->wlr_buffer);
+		renderer->current_render_buffer = NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (!wlr_buffer) {
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_vk_render_buffer *buffer = get_render_buffer(renderer, wlr_buffer);
+	if (!buffer) {
+		buffer = create_render_buffer(renderer, wlr_buffer);
+		if (!buffer) {
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+
+	wlr_buffer_lock(wlr_buffer);
+	renderer->current_render_buffer = buffer;
+	return true;
+}
+
+static void vulkan_begin(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
+		uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	assert(renderer->current_render_buffer);
+
+	VkCommandBuffer cb = renderer->cb;
+	VkCommandBufferBeginInfo begin_info = {0};
+	begin_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
+	vkBeginCommandBuffer(cb, &begin_info);
+
+	// begin render pass
+	VkFramebuffer fb = renderer->current_render_buffer->framebuffer;
+
+	VkRect2D rect = {{0, 0}, {width, height}};
+	renderer->scissor = rect;
+
+	VkRenderPassBeginInfo rp_info = {0};
+	rp_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
+	rp_info.renderArea = rect;
+	rp_info.renderPass = renderer->current_render_buffer->render_setup->render_pass;
+	rp_info.framebuffer = fb;
+	rp_info.clearValueCount = 0;
+	vkCmdBeginRenderPass(cb, &rp_info, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);
+
+	VkViewport vp = {0.f, 0.f, (float) width, (float) height, 0.f, 1.f};
+	vkCmdSetViewport(cb, 0, 1, &vp);
+	vkCmdSetScissor(cb, 0, 1, &rect);
+
+	// Refresh projection matrix.
+	// wlr_matrix_projection assumes a GL corrdinate system so we need
+	// to pass WL_OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_FLIPPED_180 to adjust it for vulkan.
+	wlr_matrix_projection(renderer->projection, width, height,
+		WL_OUTPUT_TRANSFORM_FLIPPED_180);
+
+	renderer->render_width = width;
+	renderer->render_height = height;
+	renderer->bound_pipe = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+}
+
+static void vulkan_end(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	assert(renderer->current_render_buffer);
+
+	VkCommandBuffer render_cb = renderer->cb;
+	VkCommandBuffer pre_cb = vulkan_record_stage_cb(renderer);
+
+	renderer->render_width = 0u;
+	renderer->render_height = 0u;
+	renderer->bound_pipe = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+	vkCmdEndRenderPass(render_cb);
+
+	// insert acquire and release barriers for dmabuf-images
+	unsigned barrier_count = wl_list_length(&renderer->foreign_textures) + 1;
+	VkImageMemoryBarrier* acquire_barriers = calloc(barrier_count, sizeof(VkImageMemoryBarrier));
+	VkImageMemoryBarrier* release_barriers = calloc(barrier_count, sizeof(VkImageMemoryBarrier));
+
+	struct wlr_vk_texture *texture, *tmp_tex;
+	unsigned idx = 0;
+
+	wl_list_for_each_safe(texture, tmp_tex, &renderer->foreign_textures, foreign_link) {
+		VkImageLayout src_layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
+		if (!texture->transitioned) {
+			src_layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
+			texture->transitioned = true;
+		}
+
+		// acquire
+		acquire_barriers[idx].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
+		acquire_barriers[idx].srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_FOREIGN_EXT;
+		acquire_barriers[idx].dstQueueFamilyIndex = renderer->dev->queue_family;
+		acquire_barriers[idx].image = texture->image;
+		acquire_barriers[idx].oldLayout = src_layout;
+		acquire_barriers[idx].newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
+		acquire_barriers[idx].srcAccessMask = 0u; // ignored anyways
+		acquire_barriers[idx].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
+		acquire_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
+		acquire_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
+		acquire_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
+
+		// releaes
+		release_barriers[idx].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
+		release_barriers[idx].srcQueueFamilyIndex = renderer->dev->queue_family;
+		release_barriers[idx].dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_FOREIGN_EXT;
+		release_barriers[idx].image = texture->image;
+		release_barriers[idx].oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
+		release_barriers[idx].newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
+		release_barriers[idx].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
+		release_barriers[idx].dstAccessMask = 0u; // ignored anyways
+		release_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
+		release_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
+		release_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
+		++idx;
+
+		wl_list_remove(&texture->foreign_link);
+		texture->owned = false;
+	}
+
+	// also add acquire/release barriers for the current render buffer
+	VkImageLayout src_layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
+	if (!renderer->current_render_buffer->transitioned) {
+		src_layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PREINITIALIZED;
+		renderer->current_render_buffer->transitioned = true;
+	}
+
+	// acquire render buffer before rendering
+	acquire_barriers[idx].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
+	acquire_barriers[idx].srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_FOREIGN_EXT;
+	acquire_barriers[idx].dstQueueFamilyIndex = renderer->dev->queue_family;
+	acquire_barriers[idx].image = renderer->current_render_buffer->image;
+	acquire_barriers[idx].oldLayout = src_layout;
+	acquire_barriers[idx].newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
+	acquire_barriers[idx].srcAccessMask = 0u; // ignored anyways
+	acquire_barriers[idx].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT |
+		VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
+	acquire_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
+	acquire_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
+	acquire_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
+
+	// release render buffer after rendering
+	release_barriers[idx].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
+	release_barriers[idx].srcQueueFamilyIndex = renderer->dev->queue_family;
+	release_barriers[idx].dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_FOREIGN_EXT;
+	release_barriers[idx].image = renderer->current_render_buffer->image;
+	release_barriers[idx].oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
+	release_barriers[idx].newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
+	release_barriers[idx].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT |
+		VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
+	release_barriers[idx].dstAccessMask = 0u; // ignored anyways
+	release_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
+	release_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
+	release_barriers[idx].subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
+	++idx;
+
+	vkCmdPipelineBarrier(pre_cb, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT,
+		VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT,
+		0, 0, NULL, 0, NULL, barrier_count, acquire_barriers);
+
+	vkCmdPipelineBarrier(render_cb, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT,
+		VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT, 0, 0, NULL, 0, NULL,
+		barrier_count, release_barriers);
+
+	free(acquire_barriers);
+	free(release_barriers);
+
+	vkEndCommandBuffer(renderer->cb);
+
+	unsigned submit_count = 0u;
+	VkSubmitInfo submit_infos[2] = {0};
+
+	// No semaphores needed here.
+	// We don't need a semaphore from the stage/transfer submission
+	// to the render submissions since they are on the same queue
+	// and we have a renderpass dependency for that.
+	if (renderer->stage.recording) {
+		vkEndCommandBuffer(renderer->stage.cb);
+		renderer->stage.recording = false;
+
+		VkSubmitInfo *stage_sub = &submit_infos[submit_count];
+		stage_sub->sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
+		stage_sub->commandBufferCount = 1u;
+		stage_sub->pCommandBuffers = &pre_cb;
+		++submit_count;
+	}
+
+	VkSubmitInfo *render_sub = &submit_infos[submit_count];
+	render_sub->sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
+	render_sub->pCommandBuffers = &render_cb;
+	render_sub->commandBufferCount = 1u;
+	++submit_count;
+
+	VkResult res = vkQueueSubmit(renderer->dev->queue, submit_count,
+		submit_infos, renderer->fence);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkQueueSubmit", res);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	// sadly this is required due to the current api/rendering model of wlr
+	// ideally we could use gpu and cpu in parallel (_without_ the
+	// implicit synchronization overhead and mess of opengl drivers)
+	res = vkWaitForFences(renderer->dev->dev, 1, &renderer->fence, true,
+		UINT64_MAX);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkWaitForFences", res);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	++renderer->frame;
+	release_stage_allocations(renderer);
+
+	// destroy pending textures
+	wl_list_for_each_safe(texture, tmp_tex, &renderer->destroy_textures, destroy_link) {
+		wlr_texture_destroy(&texture->wlr_texture);
+	}
+
+	wl_list_init(&renderer->destroy_textures); // reset the list
+	res = vkResetFences(renderer->dev->dev, 1, &renderer->fence);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkResetFences", res);
+		return;
+	}
+}
+
+static bool vulkan_render_subtexture_with_matrix(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
+		struct wlr_texture *wlr_texture, const struct wlr_fbox *box,
+		const float matrix[static 9], float alpha) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	VkCommandBuffer cb = renderer->cb;
+
+	struct wlr_vk_texture *texture = vulkan_get_texture(wlr_texture);
+	assert(texture->renderer == renderer);
+	if (texture->dmabuf_imported && !texture->owned) {
+		// Store this texture in the list of textures that need to be
+		// acquired before rendering and released after rendering.
+		// We don't do it here immediately since barriers inside
+		// a renderpass are suboptimal (would require additional renderpass
+		// dependency and potentially multiple barriers) and it's
+		// better to issue one barrier for all used textures anyways.
+		texture->owned = true;
+		assert(texture->foreign_link.prev == NULL);
+		assert(texture->foreign_link.next == NULL);
+		wl_list_insert(&renderer->foreign_textures, &texture->foreign_link);
+	}
+
+	VkPipeline pipe = renderer->current_render_buffer->render_setup->tex_pipe;
+	if (pipe != renderer->bound_pipe) {
+		vkCmdBindPipeline(cb, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipe);
+		renderer->bound_pipe = pipe;
+	}
+
+	vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cb, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS,
+		renderer->pipe_layout, 0, 1, &texture->ds, 0, NULL);
+
+	float final_matrix[9];
+	wlr_matrix_multiply(final_matrix, renderer->projection, matrix);
+
+	struct vert_pcr_data vert_pcr_data;
+	mat3_to_mat4(final_matrix, vert_pcr_data.mat4);
+
+	vert_pcr_data.uv_off[0] = box->x / wlr_texture->width;
+	vert_pcr_data.uv_off[1] = box->y / wlr_texture->height;
+	vert_pcr_data.uv_size[0] = box->width / wlr_texture->width;
+	vert_pcr_data.uv_size[1] = box->height / wlr_texture->height;
+
+	if (texture->invert_y) {
+		vert_pcr_data.uv_off[1] += vert_pcr_data.uv_size[1];
+		vert_pcr_data.uv_size[1] = -vert_pcr_data.uv_size[1];
+	}
+
+	// When the texture itself does not have alpha information we want
+	// to ignore the sampled value and just use the alpha passed here,
+	// we pass a negative value to communicate that.
+	// See the texture.frag shader for more details.
+	const struct wlr_pixel_format_info *format_info = drm_get_pixel_format_info(
+			texture->format->drm_format);
+	assert(format_info);
+	if (!format_info->has_alpha) {
+		alpha *= -1;
+	}
+
+	vkCmdPushConstants(cb, renderer->pipe_layout,
+		VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, 0, sizeof(vert_pcr_data), &vert_pcr_data);
+	vkCmdPushConstants(cb, renderer->pipe_layout,
+		VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, sizeof(vert_pcr_data), sizeof(float),
+		&alpha);
+	vkCmdDraw(cb, 4, 1, 0, 0);
+	texture->last_used = renderer->frame;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static void vulkan_clear(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
+		const float color[static 4]) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	VkCommandBuffer cb = renderer->cb;
+
+	VkClearAttachment att = {0};
+	att.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
+	att.colorAttachment = 0u;
+
+	// Input color values are given in srgb space, vulkan expects
+	// them in linear space. We explicitly import argb8 render buffers
+	// as srgb, vulkan will convert the input values we give here to
+	// srgb first.
+	// But in other parts of wlroots we just always assume
+	// srgb so that's why we have to convert here.
+	att.clearValue.color.float32[0] = color_to_linear(color[0]);
+	att.clearValue.color.float32[1] = color_to_linear(color[1]);
+	att.clearValue.color.float32[2] = color_to_linear(color[2]);
+	att.clearValue.color.float32[3] = color[3]; // no conversion for alpha
+
+	VkClearRect rect = {0};
+	rect.rect = renderer->scissor;
+	rect.layerCount = 1;
+	vkCmdClearAttachments(cb, 1, &att, 1, &rect);
+}
+
+static void vulkan_scissor(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
+		struct wlr_box *box) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	VkCommandBuffer cb = renderer->cb;
+
+	uint32_t w = renderer->render_width;
+	uint32_t h = renderer->render_height;
+	struct wlr_box dst = {0, 0, w, h};
+	if (box && !wlr_box_intersection(&dst, box, &dst)) {
+		dst = (struct wlr_box) {0, 0, 0, 0}; // empty
+	}
+
+	VkRect2D rect = (VkRect2D) {{dst.x, dst.y}, {dst.width, dst.height}};
+	renderer->scissor = rect;
+	vkCmdSetScissor(cb, 0, 1, &rect);
+}
+
+static const uint32_t *vulkan_get_shm_texture_formats(
+		struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer, size_t *len) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	*len = renderer->dev->shm_format_count;
+	return renderer->dev->shm_formats;
+}
+
+static void vulkan_render_quad_with_matrix(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
+		const float color[static 4], const float matrix[static 9]) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	VkCommandBuffer cb = renderer->cb;
+
+	VkPipeline pipe = renderer->current_render_buffer->render_setup->quad_pipe;
+	if (pipe != renderer->bound_pipe) {
+		vkCmdBindPipeline(cb, VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipe);
+		renderer->bound_pipe = pipe;
+	}
+
+	float final_matrix[9];
+	wlr_matrix_multiply(final_matrix, renderer->projection, matrix);
+
+	struct vert_pcr_data vert_pcr_data;
+	mat3_to_mat4(final_matrix, vert_pcr_data.mat4);
+	vert_pcr_data.uv_off[0] = 0.f;
+	vert_pcr_data.uv_off[1] = 0.f;
+	vert_pcr_data.uv_size[0] = 1.f;
+	vert_pcr_data.uv_size[1] = 1.f;
+
+	// Input color values are given in srgb space, shader expects
+	// them in linear space. The shader does all computation in linear
+	// space and expects in inputs in linear space since it outputs
+	// colors in linear space as well (and vulkan then automatically
+	// does the conversion for out SRGB render targets).
+	// But in other parts of wlroots we just always assume
+	// srgb so that's why we have to convert here.
+	float linear_color[4];
+	linear_color[0] = color_to_linear(color[0]);
+	linear_color[1] = color_to_linear(color[1]);
+	linear_color[2] = color_to_linear(color[2]);
+	linear_color[3] = color[3]; // no conversion for alpha
+
+	vkCmdPushConstants(cb, renderer->pipe_layout,
+		VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, 0, sizeof(vert_pcr_data), &vert_pcr_data);
+	vkCmdPushConstants(cb, renderer->pipe_layout,
+		VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, sizeof(vert_pcr_data), sizeof(float) * 4,
+		linear_color);
+	vkCmdDraw(cb, 4, 1, 0, 0);
+}
+
+static const struct wlr_drm_format_set *vulkan_get_dmabuf_texture_formats(
+		struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	return &renderer->dev->dmabuf_texture_formats;
+}
+
+static const struct wlr_drm_format_set *vulkan_get_render_formats(
+		struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	return &renderer->dev->dmabuf_render_formats;
+}
+
+static uint32_t vulkan_preferred_read_format(
+		struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	// TODO: implement!
+	wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "vulkan_preferred_read_format not implemented");
+	return DRM_FORMAT_XBGR8888;
+}
+
+static void vulkan_destroy(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	struct wlr_vk_device *dev = renderer->dev;
+	if (!dev) {
+		free(renderer);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	assert(!renderer->current_render_buffer);
+
+	// stage.cb automatically freed with command pool
+	struct wlr_vk_shared_buffer *buf, *tmp_buf;
+	wl_list_for_each_safe(buf, tmp_buf, &renderer->stage.buffers, link) {
+		shared_buffer_destroy(renderer, buf);
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_vk_texture *tex, *tex_tmp;
+	wl_list_for_each_safe(tex, tex_tmp, &renderer->textures, link) {
+		vulkan_texture_destroy(tex);
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_vk_render_buffer *render_buffer, *render_buffer_tmp;
+	wl_list_for_each_safe(render_buffer, render_buffer_tmp,
+			&renderer->render_buffers, link) {
+		destroy_render_buffer(render_buffer);
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_vk_render_format_setup *setup, *tmp_setup;
+	wl_list_for_each_safe(setup, tmp_setup,
+			&renderer->render_format_setups, link) {
+		destroy_render_format_setup(renderer, setup);
+	}
+
+	struct wlr_vk_descriptor_pool *pool, *tmp_pool;
+	wl_list_for_each_safe(pool, tmp_pool, &renderer->descriptor_pools, link) {
+		vkDestroyDescriptorPool(dev->dev, pool->pool, NULL);
+		free(pool);
+	}
+
+	vkDestroyShaderModule(dev->dev, renderer->vert_module, NULL);
+	vkDestroyShaderModule(dev->dev, renderer->tex_frag_module, NULL);
+	vkDestroyShaderModule(dev->dev, renderer->quad_frag_module, NULL);
+
+	vkDestroyFence(dev->dev, renderer->fence, NULL);
+	vkDestroyPipelineLayout(dev->dev, renderer->pipe_layout, NULL);
+	vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(dev->dev, renderer->ds_layout, NULL);
+	vkDestroySampler(dev->dev, renderer->sampler, NULL);
+	vkDestroyCommandPool(dev->dev, renderer->command_pool, NULL);
+
+	struct wlr_vk_instance *ini = dev->instance;
+	vulkan_device_destroy(dev);
+	vulkan_instance_destroy(ini);
+	free(renderer);
+}
+
+static bool vulkan_read_pixels(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer,
+		uint32_t drm_format, uint32_t *flags, uint32_t stride,
+		uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t src_x, uint32_t src_y,
+		uint32_t dst_x, uint32_t dst_y, void *data) {
+	// TODO: implement!
+	wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "vulkan_read_pixels not implemented");
+	return false;
+}
+
+static int vulkan_get_drm_fd(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer = vulkan_get_renderer(wlr_renderer);
+	return renderer->dev->drm_fd;
+}
+
+static uint32_t vulkan_get_render_buffer_caps(struct wlr_renderer *wlr_renderer) {
+	return WLR_BUFFER_CAP_DMABUF;
+}
+
+static const struct wlr_renderer_impl renderer_impl = {
+	.bind_buffer = vulkan_bind_buffer,
+	.begin = vulkan_begin,
+	.end = vulkan_end,
+	.clear = vulkan_clear,
+	.scissor = vulkan_scissor,
+	.render_subtexture_with_matrix = vulkan_render_subtexture_with_matrix,
+	.render_quad_with_matrix = vulkan_render_quad_with_matrix,
+	.get_shm_texture_formats = vulkan_get_shm_texture_formats,
+	.get_dmabuf_texture_formats = vulkan_get_dmabuf_texture_formats,
+	.get_render_formats = vulkan_get_render_formats,
+	.preferred_read_format = vulkan_preferred_read_format,
+	.read_pixels = vulkan_read_pixels,
+	.destroy = vulkan_destroy,
+	.get_drm_fd = vulkan_get_drm_fd,
+	.get_render_buffer_caps = vulkan_get_render_buffer_caps,
+	.texture_from_buffer = vulkan_texture_from_buffer,
+};
+
+// Initializes the VkDescriptorSetLayout and VkPipelineLayout needed
+// for the texture rendering pipeline using the given VkSampler.
+static bool init_tex_layouts(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
+		VkSampler tex_sampler, VkDescriptorSetLayout *out_ds_layout,
+		VkPipelineLayout *out_pipe_layout) {
+	VkResult res;
+	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
+
+	// layouts
+	// descriptor set
+	VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding ds_bindings[1] = {{
+		0, VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER, 1,
+		VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, &tex_sampler,
+	}};
+
+	VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo ds_info = {0};
+	ds_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
+	ds_info.bindingCount = 1;
+	ds_info.pBindings = ds_bindings;
+
+	res = vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(dev, &ds_info, NULL, out_ds_layout);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	// pipeline layout
+	VkPushConstantRange pc_ranges[2] = {0};
+	pc_ranges[0].size = sizeof(struct vert_pcr_data);
+	pc_ranges[0].stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
+
+	pc_ranges[1].offset = pc_ranges[0].size;
+	pc_ranges[1].size = sizeof(float) * 4; // alpha or color
+	pc_ranges[1].stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
+
+	VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pl_info = {0};
+	pl_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
+	pl_info.setLayoutCount = 1;
+	pl_info.pSetLayouts = out_ds_layout;
+	pl_info.pushConstantRangeCount = 2;
+	pl_info.pPushConstantRanges = pc_ranges;
+
+	res = vkCreatePipelineLayout(dev, &pl_info, NULL, out_pipe_layout);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkCreatePipelineLayout", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+// Initializes the pipeline for rendering textures and using the given
+// VkRenderPass and VkPipelineLayout.
+static bool init_tex_pipeline(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer,
+		VkRenderPass rp, VkPipelineLayout pipe_layout, VkPipeline *pipe) {
+	VkResult res;
+	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
+
+	// shaders
+	VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vert_stage = {
+		VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+		NULL, 0, VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, renderer->vert_module,
+		"main", NULL
+	};
+
+	VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo tex_stages[2] = {vert_stage, {
+		VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+		NULL, 0, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, renderer->tex_frag_module,
+		"main", NULL
+	}};
+
+	// info
+	VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo assembly = {0};
+	assembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	assembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_FAN;
+
+	VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterization = {0};
+	rasterization.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	rasterization.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
+	rasterization.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_NONE;
+	rasterization.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE;
+	rasterization.lineWidth = 1.f;
+
+	VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState blend_attachment = {0};
+	blend_attachment.blendEnable = true;
+	// we generally work with pre-multiplied alpha
+	blend_attachment.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
+	blend_attachment.dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA;
+	blend_attachment.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;
+	blend_attachment.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
+	blend_attachment.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
+	blend_attachment.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;
+	blend_attachment.colorWriteMask =
+		VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT |
+		VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT |
+		VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT |
+		VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
+
+	VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo blend = {0};
+	blend.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	blend.attachmentCount = 1;
+	blend.pAttachments = &blend_attachment;
+
+	VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisample = {0};
+	multisample.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	multisample.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+
+	VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewport = {0};
+	viewport.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	viewport.viewportCount = 1;
+	viewport.scissorCount = 1;
+
+	VkDynamicState dynStates[2] = {
+		VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
+		VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR,
+	};
+	VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamic = {0};
+	dynamic.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	dynamic.pDynamicStates = dynStates;
+	dynamic.dynamicStateCount = 2;
+
+	VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertex = {0};
+	vertex.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+
+	VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pinfo = {0};
+	pinfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
+	pinfo.layout = pipe_layout;
+	pinfo.renderPass = rp;
+	pinfo.subpass = 0;
+	pinfo.stageCount = 2;
+	pinfo.pStages = tex_stages;
+
+	pinfo.pInputAssemblyState = &assembly;
+	pinfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterization;
+	pinfo.pColorBlendState = &blend;
+	pinfo.pMultisampleState = &multisample;
+	pinfo.pViewportState = &viewport;
+	pinfo.pDynamicState = &dynamic;
+	pinfo.pVertexInputState = &vertex;
+
+	// NOTE: use could use a cache here for faster loading
+	// store it somewhere like $XDG_CACHE_HOME/wlroots/vk_pipe_cache
+	VkPipelineCache cache = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	res = vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(dev, cache, 1, &pinfo, NULL, pipe);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("failed to create vulkan pipelines:", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+// Creates static render data, such as sampler, layouts and shader modules
+// for the given rednerer.
+// Cleanup is done by destroying the renderer.
+static bool init_static_render_data(struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer) {
+	VkResult res;
+	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
+
+	// default sampler (non ycbcr)
+	VkSamplerCreateInfo sampler_info = {0};
+	sampler_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;
+	sampler_info.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
+	sampler_info.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
+	sampler_info.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_NEAREST;
+	sampler_info.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
+	sampler_info.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
+	sampler_info.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
+	sampler_info.maxAnisotropy = 1.f;
+	sampler_info.minLod = 0.f;
+	sampler_info.maxLod = 0.25f;
+	sampler_info.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_TRANSPARENT_BLACK;
+
+	res = vkCreateSampler(dev, &sampler_info, NULL, &renderer->sampler);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("Failed to create sampler", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	if (!init_tex_layouts(renderer, renderer->sampler,
+			&renderer->ds_layout, &renderer->pipe_layout)) {
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	// load vert module and tex frag module since they are needed to
+	// initialize the tex pipeline
+	VkShaderModuleCreateInfo sinfo = {0};
+	sinfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
+	sinfo.codeSize = sizeof(common_vert_data);
+	sinfo.pCode = common_vert_data;
+	res = vkCreateShaderModule(dev, &sinfo, NULL, &renderer->vert_module);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("Failed to create vertex shader module", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	// tex frag
+	sinfo.codeSize = sizeof(texture_frag_data);
+	sinfo.pCode = texture_frag_data;
+	res = vkCreateShaderModule(dev, &sinfo, NULL, &renderer->tex_frag_module);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("Failed to create tex fragment shader module", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	// quad frag
+	sinfo.codeSize = sizeof(quad_frag_data);
+	sinfo.pCode = quad_frag_data;
+	res = vkCreateShaderModule(dev, &sinfo, NULL, &renderer->quad_frag_module);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("Failed to create quad fragment shader module", res);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static struct wlr_vk_render_format_setup *find_or_create_render_setup(
+		struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer, VkFormat format) {
+	struct wlr_vk_render_format_setup *setup;
+	wl_list_for_each(setup, &renderer->render_format_setups, link) {
+		if (setup->render_format == format) {
+			return setup;
+		}
+	}
+
+	setup = calloc(1u, sizeof(*setup));
+	if (!setup) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Allocation failed");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	setup->render_format = format;
+
+	// util
+	VkDevice dev = renderer->dev->dev;
+	VkResult res;
+
+	VkAttachmentDescription attachment = {0};
+	attachment.format = format;
+	attachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+	attachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_LOAD;
+	attachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
+	attachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
+	attachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
+	attachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
+	attachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_GENERAL;
+
+	VkAttachmentReference color_ref = {0};
+	color_ref.attachment = 0u;
+	color_ref.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
+
+	VkSubpassDescription subpass = {0};
+	subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
+	subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
+	subpass.pColorAttachments = &color_ref;
+
+	VkSubpassDependency deps[2] = {0};
+	deps[0].srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
+	deps[0].srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT |
+		VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT |
+		VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT |
+		VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
+	deps[0].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_HOST_WRITE_BIT |
+		VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT |
+		VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
+	deps[0].dstSubpass = 0;
+	deps[0].dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_ALL_GRAPHICS_BIT;
+	deps[0].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_UNIFORM_READ_BIT |
+		VK_ACCESS_VERTEX_ATTRIBUTE_READ_BIT |
+		VK_ACCESS_INDIRECT_COMMAND_READ_BIT |
+		VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
+
+	deps[1].srcSubpass = 0;
+	deps[1].srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
+	deps[1].srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
+	deps[1].dstSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
+	deps[1].dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT |
+		VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_HOST_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_BOTTOM_OF_PIPE_BIT;
+	deps[1].dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT |
+		VK_ACCESS_MEMORY_READ_BIT;
+
+	VkRenderPassCreateInfo rp_info = {0};
+	rp_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
+	rp_info.attachmentCount = 1;
+	rp_info.pAttachments = &attachment;
+	rp_info.subpassCount = 1;
+	rp_info.pSubpasses = &subpass;
+	rp_info.dependencyCount = 2u;
+	rp_info.pDependencies = deps;
+
+	res = vkCreateRenderPass(dev, &rp_info, NULL, &setup->render_pass);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("Failed to create render pass", res);
+		free(setup);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (!init_tex_pipeline(renderer, setup->render_pass, renderer->pipe_layout,
+			&setup->tex_pipe)) {
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vert_stage = {
+		VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+		NULL, 0, VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, renderer->vert_module,
+		"main", NULL
+	};
+
+	VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo quad_stages[2] = {vert_stage, {
+		VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO,
+		NULL, 0, VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT,
+		renderer->quad_frag_module, "main", NULL
+	}};
+
+	// info
+	VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo assembly = {0};
+	assembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	assembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_FAN;
+
+	VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterization = {0};
+	rasterization.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	rasterization.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
+	rasterization.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_NONE;
+	rasterization.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE;
+	rasterization.lineWidth = 1.f;
+
+	VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState blend_attachment = {0};
+	blend_attachment.blendEnable = true;
+	blend_attachment.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
+	blend_attachment.dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA;
+	blend_attachment.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;
+	blend_attachment.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
+	blend_attachment.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
+	blend_attachment.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;
+	blend_attachment.colorWriteMask =
+		VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT |
+		VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT |
+		VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT |
+		VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
+
+	VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo blend = {0};
+	blend.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	blend.attachmentCount = 1;
+	blend.pAttachments = &blend_attachment;
+
+	VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisample = {0};
+	multisample.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	multisample.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
+
+	VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewport = {0};
+	viewport.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	viewport.viewportCount = 1;
+	viewport.scissorCount = 1;
+
+	VkDynamicState dynStates[2] = {
+		VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
+		VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_SCISSOR,
+	};
+	VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamic = {0};
+	dynamic.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+	dynamic.pDynamicStates = dynStates;
+	dynamic.dynamicStateCount = 2;
+
+	VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertex = {0};
+	vertex.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
+
+	VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pinfo = {0};
+	pinfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
+	pinfo.layout = renderer->pipe_layout;
+	pinfo.renderPass = setup->render_pass;
+	pinfo.subpass = 0;
+	pinfo.stageCount = 2;
+	pinfo.pStages = quad_stages;
+
+	pinfo.pInputAssemblyState = &assembly;
+	pinfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterization;
+	pinfo.pColorBlendState = &blend;
+	pinfo.pMultisampleState = &multisample;
+	pinfo.pViewportState = &viewport;
+	pinfo.pDynamicState = &dynamic;
+	pinfo.pVertexInputState = &vertex;
+
+	// NOTE: use could use a cache here for faster loading
+	// store it somewhere like $XDG_CACHE_HOME/wlroots/vk_pipe_cache.bin
+	VkPipelineCache cache = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+	res = vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(dev, cache, 1, &pinfo, NULL, &setup->quad_pipe);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "failed to create vulkan quad pipeline: %d", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	wl_list_insert(&renderer->render_format_setups, &setup->link);
+	return setup;
+
+error:
+	destroy_render_format_setup(renderer, setup);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+struct wlr_renderer *vulkan_renderer_create_for_device(struct wlr_vk_device *dev) {
+	struct wlr_vk_renderer *renderer;
+	VkResult res;
+	if (!(renderer = calloc(1, sizeof(*renderer)))) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "failed to allocate wlr_vk_renderer");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	renderer->dev = dev;
+	wlr_renderer_init(&renderer->wlr_renderer, &renderer_impl);
+	wl_list_init(&renderer->stage.buffers);
+	wl_list_init(&renderer->destroy_textures);
+	wl_list_init(&renderer->foreign_textures);
+	wl_list_init(&renderer->textures);
+	wl_list_init(&renderer->descriptor_pools);
+	wl_list_init(&renderer->render_format_setups);
+	wl_list_init(&renderer->render_buffers);
+
+	if (!init_static_render_data(renderer)) {
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	// command pool
+	VkCommandPoolCreateInfo cpool_info = {0};
+	cpool_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
+	cpool_info.flags = VK_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT;
+	cpool_info.queueFamilyIndex = dev->queue_family;
+	res = vkCreateCommandPool(dev->dev, &cpool_info, NULL,
+		&renderer->command_pool);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateCommandPool", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo cbai = {0};
+	cbai.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+	cbai.commandBufferCount = 1u;
+	cbai.commandPool = renderer->command_pool;
+	cbai.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
+	res = vkAllocateCommandBuffers(dev->dev, &cbai, &renderer->cb);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkAllocateCommandBuffers", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	VkFenceCreateInfo fence_info = {0};
+	fence_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
+	res = vkCreateFence(dev->dev, &fence_info, NULL,
+		&renderer->fence);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkCreateFence", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	// staging command buffer
+	VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo cmd_buf_info = {0};
+	cmd_buf_info.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
+	cmd_buf_info.commandPool = renderer->command_pool;
+	cmd_buf_info.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
+	cmd_buf_info.commandBufferCount = 1u;
+	res = vkAllocateCommandBuffers(dev->dev, &cmd_buf_info,
+		&renderer->stage.cb);
+	if (res != VK_SUCCESS) {
+		wlr_vk_error("vkAllocateCommandBuffers", res);
+		goto error;
+	}
+
+	return &renderer->wlr_renderer;
+
+error:
+	vulkan_destroy(&renderer->wlr_renderer);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+struct wlr_renderer *wlr_vk_renderer_create_with_drm_fd(int drm_fd) {
+	wlr_log(WLR_INFO, "The vulkan renderer is only experimental and "
+		"not expected to be ready for daily use");
+
+	// NOTE: we could add functionality to allow the compositor passing its
+	// name and version to this function. Just use dummies until then,
+	// shouldn't be relevant to the driver anyways
+	struct wlr_vk_instance *ini = vulkan_instance_create(0, NULL, default_debug);
+	if (!ini) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "creating vulkan instance for renderer failed");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	VkPhysicalDevice phdev = vulkan_find_drm_phdev(ini, drm_fd);
+	if (!phdev) {
+		// We rather fail here than doing some guesswork
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Could not match drm and vulkan device");
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// queue families
+	uint32_t qfam_count;
+	vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(phdev, &qfam_count, NULL);
+	VkQueueFamilyProperties queue_props[qfam_count];
+	vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(phdev, &qfam_count,
+		queue_props);
+
+	struct wlr_vk_device *dev = vulkan_device_create(ini, phdev, 0, NULL);
+	if (!dev) {
+		wlr_log(WLR_ERROR, "Failed to create vulkan device");
+		vulkan_instance_destroy(ini);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// We duplicate it so it's not closed while we still need it.
+	dev->drm_fd = fcntl(drm_fd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 0);
+	if (dev->drm_fd < 0) {
+		wlr_log_errno(WLR_ERROR, "fcntl(F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC) failed");
+		vulkan_device_destroy(dev);
+		vulkan_instance_destroy(ini);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	return vulkan_renderer_create_for_device(dev);
+}