add tools/Vulkan-Tools

1 files changed, 4252 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/tools/Vulkan-Tools/cube/cube.cpp b/tools/Vulkan-Tools/cube/cube.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de411cfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/Vulkan-Tools/cube/cube.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,4252 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2019 The Khronos Group Inc.
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2019 Valve Corporation
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2019 LunarG, Inc.
+ * Copyright (c) 2025 The Fuchsia Authors.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * Author: Jeremy Hayes <jeremy@lunarg.com>
+ * Author: Charles Giessen <charles@lunarg.com>
+ */
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cinttypes>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <csignal>
+
+#include <sstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
+#include <map>
+
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+#include "xlib_loader.h"
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+#include "xcb_loader.h"
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+#include <linux/input.h>
+#include "wayland_loader.h"
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA)
+#include <fidl/fuchsia.ui.app/cpp/fidl.h>
+#include <lib/async-loop/cpp/loop.h>
+#include <lib/component/incoming/cpp/protocol.h>
+#include <lib/component/outgoing/cpp/outgoing_directory.h>
+#include <lib/zx/result.h>
+
+#include "fuchsia/flatland_view.h"
+#endif
+
+#define VULKAN_HPP_DISPATCH_LOADER_DYNAMIC 1
+#define VULKAN_HPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#define VULKAN_HPP_TYPESAFE_CONVERSION 1
+
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.hpp>
+
+VULKAN_HPP_DEFAULT_DISPATCH_LOADER_DYNAMIC_STORAGE
+
+#include "linmath.h"
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+#define VERIFY(x) assert(x)
+#else
+#define VERIFY(x) ((void)(x))
+#endif
+
+#define APP_SHORT_NAME "vkcubepp"
+
+// Allow a maximum of two outstanding presentation operations.
+constexpr uint32_t FRAME_LAG = 2;
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#define ERR_EXIT(err_msg, err_class)                                          \
+    do {                                                                      \
+        if (!suppress_popups) MessageBox(nullptr, err_msg, err_class, MB_OK); \
+        exit(1);                                                              \
+    } while (0)
+#else
+#define ERR_EXIT(err_msg, err_class) \
+    do {                             \
+        printf("%s\n", err_msg);     \
+        fflush(stdout);              \
+        exit(1);                     \
+    } while (0)
+#endif
+
+struct texture_object {
+    vk::Sampler sampler;
+
+    vk::Image image;
+    vk::Buffer buffer;
+    vk::ImageLayout imageLayout{vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined};
+
+    vk::MemoryAllocateInfo mem_alloc;
+    vk::DeviceMemory mem;
+    vk::ImageView view;
+
+    uint32_t tex_width{0};
+    uint32_t tex_height{0};
+};
+
+static char const *const tex_files[] = {"lunarg.ppm"};
+
+static int validation_error = 0;
+
+struct vktexcube_vs_uniform {
+    // Must start with MVP
+    float mvp[4][4];
+    float position[12 * 3][4];
+    float attr[12 * 3][4];
+};
+
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Mesh and VertexFormat Data
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// clang-format off
+static const float g_vertex_buffer_data[] = {
+    -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,  // -X side
+    -1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
+    -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
+    -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
+    -1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
+    -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
+
+    -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,  // -Z side
+     1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
+     1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
+    -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
+    -1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
+     1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
+
+    -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,  // -Y side
+     1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
+     1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
+    -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
+     1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
+    -1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
+
+    -1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,  // +Y side
+    -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
+     1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
+    -1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
+     1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
+     1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
+
+     1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,  // +X side
+     1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
+     1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
+     1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
+     1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
+     1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
+
+    -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,  // +Z side
+    -1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
+     1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
+    -1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
+     1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
+     1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
+};
+
+static const float g_uv_buffer_data[] = {
+    0.0f, 1.0f,  // -X side
+    1.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 0.0f,
+    1.0f, 0.0f,
+    0.0f, 0.0f,
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+
+    1.0f, 1.0f,  // -Z side
+    0.0f, 0.0f,
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 0.0f,
+    0.0f, 0.0f,
+
+    1.0f, 0.0f,  // -Y side
+    1.0f, 1.0f,
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 0.0f,
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+    0.0f, 0.0f,
+
+    1.0f, 0.0f,  // +Y side
+    0.0f, 0.0f,
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 0.0f,
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 1.0f,
+
+    1.0f, 0.0f,  // +X side
+    0.0f, 0.0f,
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 0.0f,
+
+    0.0f, 0.0f,  // +Z side
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 0.0f,
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 0.0f,
+};
+// clang-format on
+enum class WsiPlatform {
+    auto_ = 0,
+    win32,
+    metal,
+    android,
+    qnx,
+    xcb,
+    xlib,
+    wayland,
+    directfb,
+    display,
+    fuchsia_display,
+    fuchsia_scenic,
+    invalid,  // Sentinel just to indicate invalid user input
+};
+
+WsiPlatform wsi_from_string(std::string const &str) {
+    if (str == "auto") return WsiPlatform::auto_;
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
+    if (str == "win32") return WsiPlatform::win32;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
+    if (str == "metal") return WsiPlatform::metal;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID_KHR)
+    if (str == "android") return WsiPlatform::android;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_SCREEN_QNX)
+    if (str == "qnx") return WsiPlatform::qnx;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+    if (str == "xcb") return WsiPlatform::xcb;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+    if (str == "xlib") return WsiPlatform::xlib;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+    if (str == "wayland") return WsiPlatform::wayland;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DIRECTFB_EXT)
+    if (str == "directfb") return WsiPlatform::directfb;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
+    if (str == "display") return WsiPlatform::display;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA)
+    if (str == "fuchsia_display") return WsiPlatform::fuchsia_display;
+    if (str == "fuchsia_scenic") return WsiPlatform::fuchsia_scenic;
+#endif
+    return WsiPlatform::invalid;
+};
+
+const char *wsi_to_string(WsiPlatform wsi_platform) {
+    switch (wsi_platform) {
+        case (WsiPlatform::auto_):
+            return "auto";
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
+        case (WsiPlatform::win32):
+            return "win32";
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
+        case (WsiPlatform::metal):
+            return "metal";
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID_KHR)
+        case (WsiPlatform::android):
+            return "android";
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_SCREEN_QNX)
+        case (WsiPlatform::qnx):
+            return "qnx";
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+        case (WsiPlatform::xcb):
+            return "xcb";
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+        case (WsiPlatform::xlib):
+            return "xlib";
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+        case (WsiPlatform::wayland):
+            return "wayland";
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DIRECTFB_EXT)
+        case (WsiPlatform::directfb):
+            return "directfb";
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
+        case (WsiPlatform::display):
+            return "display";
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA)
+        case (WsiPlatform::fuchsia_display):
+            return "fuchsia_display";
+        case (WsiPlatform::fuchsia_scenic):
+            return "fuchsia_scenic";
+#endif
+        default:
+            return "unknown";
+    }
+};
+
+struct SubmissionResources {
+    vk::Fence fence;
+    vk::Semaphore image_acquired_semaphore;
+    vk::CommandBuffer cmd;
+    vk::CommandBuffer graphics_to_present_cmd;
+    vk::Buffer uniform_buffer;
+    vk::DeviceMemory uniform_memory;
+    void *uniform_memory_ptr = nullptr;
+    vk::DescriptorSet descriptor_set;
+};
+
+struct SwapchainImageResources {
+    vk::Image image;
+    vk::ImageView view;
+    vk::Framebuffer framebuffer;
+    vk::Semaphore draw_complete_semaphore;
+    vk::Semaphore image_ownership_semaphore;
+};
+
+struct Demo {
+    void build_image_ownership_cmd(const SubmissionResources &submission_resource,
+                                   const SwapchainImageResources &swapchain_image_resource);
+    vk::Bool32 check_layers(const std::vector<const char *> &check_names, const std::vector<vk::LayerProperties> &layers);
+    void cleanup();
+    void create_device();
+    void destroy_texture(texture_object &tex_objs);
+    void draw();
+    void draw_build_cmd(const SubmissionResources &submission_resource, const SwapchainImageResources &swapchain_image_resource);
+    void prepare_init_cmd();
+    void flush_init_cmd();
+    void init(int argc, char **argv);
+    void check_and_set_wsi_platform();
+    void init_vk();
+    void select_physical_device();
+    void init_vk_swapchain();
+
+    void prepare();
+    void prepare_cube_data_buffers();
+    void prepare_descriptor_layout();
+    void prepare_descriptor_pool();
+    void prepare_descriptor_set();
+    void prepare_submission_sync_objects();
+    vk::ShaderModule prepare_shader_module(const uint32_t *code, size_t size);
+    vk::ShaderModule prepare_vs();
+    vk::ShaderModule prepare_fs();
+    void prepare_pipeline();
+    void prepare_render_pass();
+    void prepare_texture_image(const char *filename, texture_object &tex_obj, vk::ImageTiling tiling, vk::ImageUsageFlags usage,
+                               vk::MemoryPropertyFlags required_props);
+    void prepare_texture_buffer(const char *filename, texture_object &tex_obj);
+    void prepare_textures();
+
+    void resize();
+    void create_surface();
+    void prepare_swapchain();
+    void prepare_framebuffers();
+    void prepare_depth();
+
+    void set_image_layout(vk::Image image, vk::ImageAspectFlags aspectMask, vk::ImageLayout oldLayout, vk::ImageLayout newLayout,
+                          vk::AccessFlags srcAccessMask, vk::PipelineStageFlags src_stages, vk::PipelineStageFlags dest_stages);
+    void update_data_buffer(void *uniform_memory_ptr);
+    bool loadTexture(const char *filename, uint8_t *rgba_data, vk::SubresourceLayout &layout, uint32_t &width, uint32_t &height);
+    bool memory_type_from_properties(uint32_t typeBits, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags requirements_mask, uint32_t &typeIndex);
+    vk::SurfaceFormatKHR pick_surface_format(const std::vector<vk::SurfaceFormatKHR> &surface_formats);
+
+    static VKAPI_ATTR vk::Bool32 VKAPI_CALL debug_messenger_callback(vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity,
+                                                                     vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType,
+                                                                     const vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT *pCallbackData,
+                                                                     void *pUserData);
+
+    template <WsiPlatform WSI_PLATFORM>
+    void create_window() = delete;
+    template <WsiPlatform WSI_PLATFORM>
+    void run() = delete;
+    template <WsiPlatform WSI_PLATFORM>
+    void execute();
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+    const char *init_xlib_connection();
+    void handle_xlib_event(const XEvent *event);
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+    const char *init_xcb_connection();
+    void handle_xcb_event(const xcb_generic_event_t *event);
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+    const char *init_wayland_connection();
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DIRECTFB_EXT)
+    void handle_directfb_event(const DFBInputEvent *event);
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
+    vk::Result create_display_surface();
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA)
+    // Returns a layer name of static storage duration.
+    const char *get_fuchsia_image_pipe_layer() const;
+#endif
+
+    std::string name = "vkcubepp";  // Name to put on the window/icon
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
+    HINSTANCE connection = nullptr;  // hInstance - Windows Instance
+    HWND window = nullptr;           // hWnd - window handle
+    POINT minsize = {0, 0};          // minimum window size
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+    void *xlib_library;
+    Window xlib_window = 0;
+    Atom xlib_wm_delete_window = 0;
+    Display *xlib_display = nullptr;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+    void *xcb_library;
+    xcb_window_t xcb_window = 0;
+    xcb_screen_t *screen = nullptr;
+    xcb_connection_t *connection = nullptr;
+    xcb_intern_atom_reply_t *atom_wm_delete_window = nullptr;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+    void *wayland_library = nullptr;
+    wl_display *wayland_display = nullptr;
+    wl_registry *registry = nullptr;
+    wl_compositor *compositor = nullptr;
+    wl_surface *wayland_window = nullptr;
+    xdg_wm_base *wm_base = nullptr;
+    zxdg_decoration_manager_v1 *xdg_decoration_mgr = nullptr;
+    zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1 *toplevel_decoration = nullptr;
+    xdg_surface *window_surface = nullptr;
+    bool xdg_surface_has_been_configured = false;
+    xdg_toplevel *window_toplevel = nullptr;
+    wl_seat *seat = nullptr;
+    wl_pointer *pointer = nullptr;
+    wl_keyboard *keyboard = nullptr;
+    int pending_width = 0, pending_height = 0;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DIRECTFB_EXT)
+    IDirectFB *dfb = nullptr;
+    IDirectFBSurface *directfb_window = nullptr;
+    IDirectFBEventBuffer *event_buffer = nullptr;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
+    void *caMetalLayer;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_SCREEN_QNX)
+    screen_context_t screen_context = nullptr;
+    screen_window_t screen_window = nullptr;
+    screen_event_t screen_event = nullptr;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA)
+    fuchsia_ui_views::ViewCreationToken view_creation_token;
+    async::Loop loop{&kAsyncLoopConfigNeverAttachToThread};
+    fidl::ClientEnd<fuchsia_io::Directory> incoming;
+    std::unique_ptr<component::OutgoingDirectory> outgoing;
+    std::unique_ptr<FlatlandViewProviderService> view_provider_service;
+    std::unique_ptr<FlatlandView> flatland_view;
+#endif
+    WsiPlatform wsi_platform = WsiPlatform::auto_;
+    vk::SurfaceKHR surface;
+    bool initialized;
+    bool swapchain_ready;
+    bool is_minimized;
+    bool use_staging_buffer = false;
+    bool separate_present_queue = false;
+    bool invalid_gpu_selection = false;
+    int32_t gpu_number = 0;
+
+    // If true, the Demo renders on the protected memory. This requires the
+    // physical device to support protected memory.
+    bool protected_output = false;
+
+    vk::Instance inst;
+    vk::DebugUtilsMessengerEXT debug_messenger;
+    vk::PhysicalDevice gpu;
+    vk::Device device;
+    vk::Queue graphics_queue;
+    vk::Queue present_queue;
+    uint32_t graphics_queue_family_index = 0;
+    uint32_t present_queue_family_index = 0;
+    vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties gpu_props;
+    std::vector<vk::QueueFamilyProperties> queue_props;
+    vk::PhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memory_properties;
+    std::array<SubmissionResources, FRAME_LAG> submission_resources;
+    uint32_t current_submission_index = 0;
+
+    std::vector<const char *> enabled_instance_extensions;
+    std::vector<const char *> enabled_layers;
+    std::vector<const char *> enabled_device_extensions;
+
+    uint32_t width = 0;
+    uint32_t height = 0;
+    vk::Format format;
+    vk::ColorSpaceKHR color_space;
+
+    vk::SwapchainKHR swapchain;
+    std::vector<SwapchainImageResources> swapchain_resources;
+    vk::PresentModeKHR presentMode = vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo;
+    bool first_swapchain_frame;
+
+    vk::CommandPool cmd_pool;
+    vk::CommandPool present_cmd_pool;
+
+    struct {
+        vk::Format format;
+        vk::Image image;
+        vk::MemoryAllocateInfo mem_alloc;
+        vk::DeviceMemory mem;
+        vk::ImageView view;
+    } depth;
+
+    static int32_t const texture_count = 1;
+    std::array<texture_object, texture_count> textures;
+    texture_object staging_texture;
+
+    struct {
+        vk::Buffer buf;
+        vk::MemoryAllocateInfo mem_alloc;
+        vk::DeviceMemory mem;
+        vk::DescriptorBufferInfo buffer_info;
+    } uniform_data;
+
+    vk::CommandBuffer cmd;  // Buffer for initialization commands
+    vk::PipelineLayout pipeline_layout;
+    vk::DescriptorSetLayout desc_layout;
+    vk::PipelineCache pipelineCache;
+    vk::RenderPass render_pass;
+    vk::Pipeline pipeline;
+
+    mat4x4 projection_matrix = {};
+    mat4x4 view_matrix = {};
+    mat4x4 model_matrix = {};
+
+    float spin_angle = 0.0f;
+    float spin_increment = 0.0f;
+    bool pause = false;
+
+    vk::ShaderModule vert_shader_module;
+    vk::ShaderModule frag_shader_module;
+
+    vk::DescriptorPool desc_pool;
+    vk::DescriptorSet desc_set;
+
+    std::vector<vk::Framebuffer> framebuffers;
+
+    bool quit = false;
+    uint32_t curFrame = 0;
+    uint32_t frameCount = 0;
+    bool validate = false;
+    bool in_callback = false;
+    bool use_debug_messenger = false;
+    bool use_break = false;
+    bool suppress_popups = false;
+    bool force_errors = false;
+};
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+// MS-Windows event handling function:
+LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
+#endif
+
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+static void pointer_handle_enter(void *data, struct wl_pointer *pointer, uint32_t serial, struct wl_surface *surface, wl_fixed_t sx,
+                                 wl_fixed_t sy) {}
+
+static void pointer_handle_leave(void *data, struct wl_pointer *pointer, uint32_t serial, struct wl_surface *surface) {}
+
+static void pointer_handle_motion(void *data, struct wl_pointer *pointer, uint32_t time, wl_fixed_t sx, wl_fixed_t sy) {}
+
+static void pointer_handle_button(void *data, struct wl_pointer *wl_pointer, uint32_t serial, uint32_t time, uint32_t button,
+                                  uint32_t state) {
+    Demo &demo = *static_cast<Demo *>(data);
+    if (button == BTN_LEFT && state == WL_POINTER_BUTTON_STATE_PRESSED) {
+        xdg_toplevel_move(demo.window_toplevel, demo.seat, serial);
+    }
+}
+
+static void pointer_handle_axis(void *data, struct wl_pointer *wl_pointer, uint32_t time, uint32_t axis, wl_fixed_t value) {}
+
+static const struct wl_pointer_listener pointer_listener = {
+    pointer_handle_enter, pointer_handle_leave, pointer_handle_motion, pointer_handle_button, pointer_handle_axis,
+};
+
+static void keyboard_handle_keymap(void *data, struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t format, int fd, uint32_t size) {}
+
+static void keyboard_handle_enter(void *data, struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial, struct wl_surface *surface,
+                                  struct wl_array *keys) {}
+
+static void keyboard_handle_leave(void *data, struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial, struct wl_surface *surface) {}
+
+static void keyboard_handle_key(void *data, struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial, uint32_t time, uint32_t key,
+                                uint32_t state) {
+    if (state != WL_KEYBOARD_KEY_STATE_RELEASED) return;
+    Demo &demo = *static_cast<Demo *>(data);
+    switch (key) {
+        case KEY_ESC:  // Escape
+            demo.quit = true;
+            break;
+        case KEY_LEFT:  // left arrow key
+            demo.spin_angle -= demo.spin_increment;
+            break;
+        case KEY_RIGHT:  // right arrow key
+            demo.spin_angle += demo.spin_increment;
+            break;
+        case KEY_SPACE:  // space bar
+            demo.pause = !demo.pause;
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+static void keyboard_handle_modifiers(void *data, wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial, uint32_t mods_depressed,
+                                      uint32_t mods_latched, uint32_t mods_locked, uint32_t group) {}
+
+static const struct wl_keyboard_listener keyboard_listener = {
+    keyboard_handle_keymap, keyboard_handle_enter, keyboard_handle_leave, keyboard_handle_key, keyboard_handle_modifiers,
+};
+
+static void seat_handle_capabilities(void *data, wl_seat *seat, uint32_t caps) {
+    // Subscribe to pointer events
+    Demo &demo = *static_cast<Demo *>(data);
+    if ((caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_POINTER) && !demo.pointer) {
+        demo.pointer = wl_seat_get_pointer(seat);
+        wl_pointer_add_listener(demo.pointer, &pointer_listener, &demo);
+    } else if (!(caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_POINTER) && demo.pointer) {
+        wl_pointer_destroy(demo.pointer);
+        demo.pointer = nullptr;
+    }
+    // Subscribe to keyboard events
+    if (caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_KEYBOARD) {
+        demo.keyboard = wl_seat_get_keyboard(seat);
+        wl_keyboard_add_listener(demo.keyboard, &keyboard_listener, &demo);
+    } else if (!(caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_KEYBOARD) && demo.keyboard) {
+        wl_keyboard_destroy(demo.keyboard);
+        demo.keyboard = nullptr;
+    }
+}
+
+static const wl_seat_listener seat_listener = {
+    seat_handle_capabilities,
+};
+
+static void wm_base_ping(void *data, xdg_wm_base *xdg_wm_base, uint32_t serial) { xdg_wm_base_pong(xdg_wm_base, serial); }
+
+static const struct xdg_wm_base_listener wm_base_listener = {wm_base_ping};
+
+static void registry_handle_global(void *data, wl_registry *registry, uint32_t id, const char *interface, uint32_t version) {
+    Demo &demo = *static_cast<Demo *>(data);
+    // pickup wayland objects when they appear
+    if (strcmp(interface, wl_compositor_interface.name) == 0) {
+        demo.compositor = (wl_compositor *)wl_registry_bind(registry, id, &wl_compositor_interface, 1);
+    } else if (strcmp(interface, xdg_wm_base_interface.name) == 0) {
+        demo.wm_base = (xdg_wm_base *)wl_registry_bind(registry, id, &xdg_wm_base_interface, 1);
+        xdg_wm_base_add_listener(demo.wm_base, &wm_base_listener, nullptr);
+    } else if (strcmp(interface, wl_seat_interface.name) == 0) {
+        demo.seat = (wl_seat *)wl_registry_bind(registry, id, &wl_seat_interface, 1);
+        wl_seat_add_listener(demo.seat, &seat_listener, &demo);
+    } else if (strcmp(interface, zxdg_decoration_manager_v1_interface.name) == 0) {
+        demo.xdg_decoration_mgr =
+            (zxdg_decoration_manager_v1 *)wl_registry_bind(registry, id, &zxdg_decoration_manager_v1_interface, 1);
+    }
+}
+
+static void registry_handle_global_remove(void *data, wl_registry *registry, uint32_t name) {}
+
+static const wl_registry_listener registry_listener = {registry_handle_global, registry_handle_global_remove};
+#endif
+
+void Demo::build_image_ownership_cmd(const SubmissionResources &submission_resource,
+                                     const SwapchainImageResources &swapchain_image_resource) {
+    auto result = submission_resource.graphics_to_present_cmd.reset();
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    result = submission_resource.graphics_to_present_cmd.begin(
+        vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo().setFlags(vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eSimultaneousUse));
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    auto const image_ownership_barrier =
+        vk::ImageMemoryBarrier()
+            .setSrcAccessMask(vk::AccessFlags())
+            .setDstAccessMask(vk::AccessFlags())
+            .setOldLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR)
+            .setNewLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR)
+            .setSrcQueueFamilyIndex(graphics_queue_family_index)
+            .setDstQueueFamilyIndex(present_queue_family_index)
+            .setImage(swapchain_image_resource.image)
+            .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1));
+
+    submission_resource.graphics_to_present_cmd.pipelineBarrier(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eBottomOfPipe,
+                                                                vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eBottomOfPipe, vk::DependencyFlagBits(),
+                                                                {}, {}, image_ownership_barrier);
+
+    result = submission_resource.graphics_to_present_cmd.end();
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+}
+
+vk::Bool32 Demo::check_layers(const std::vector<const char *> &check_names, const std::vector<vk::LayerProperties> &layers) {
+    for (const auto &name : check_names) {
+        vk::Bool32 found = VK_FALSE;
+        for (const auto &layer : layers) {
+            if (!strcmp(name, layer.layerName)) {
+                found = VK_TRUE;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!found) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Cannot find layer: %s\n", name);
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    return VK_TRUE;
+}
+
+void Demo::cleanup() {
+    initialized = false;
+    auto result = device.waitIdle();
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    device.destroyCommandPool(cmd_pool);
+    if (separate_present_queue) {
+        device.destroyCommandPool(present_cmd_pool);
+    }
+
+    device.destroyDescriptorPool(desc_pool);
+
+    device.destroyPipeline(pipeline);
+    device.destroyPipelineCache(pipelineCache);
+    device.destroyRenderPass(render_pass);
+    device.destroyPipelineLayout(pipeline_layout);
+    device.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(desc_layout);
+
+    for (const auto &tex : textures) {
+        device.destroyImageView(tex.view);
+        device.destroyImage(tex.image);
+        device.freeMemory(tex.mem);
+        device.destroySampler(tex.sampler);
+    }
+
+    device.destroyImageView(depth.view);
+    device.destroyImage(depth.image);
+    device.freeMemory(depth.mem);
+
+    for (auto &swapchain_resource : swapchain_resources) {
+        device.destroyFramebuffer(swapchain_resource.framebuffer);
+        device.destroyImageView(swapchain_resource.view);
+        device.destroySemaphore(swapchain_resource.draw_complete_semaphore);
+        if (separate_present_queue) {
+            device.destroySemaphore(swapchain_resource.image_ownership_semaphore);
+        }
+    }
+
+    device.destroySwapchainKHR(swapchain);
+
+    for (const auto &submission_resource : submission_resources) {
+        device.destroyFence(submission_resource.fence);
+        device.destroySemaphore(submission_resource.image_acquired_semaphore);
+        device.destroyBuffer(submission_resource.uniform_buffer);
+        device.unmapMemory(submission_resource.uniform_memory);
+        device.freeMemory(submission_resource.uniform_memory);
+    }
+
+    device.destroy();
+    inst.destroySurfaceKHR(surface);
+
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::xlib) {
+        XDestroyWindow(xlib_display, xlib_window);
+        XCloseDisplay(xlib_display);
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::xcb) {
+        xcb_destroy_window(connection, xcb_window);
+        xcb_disconnect(connection);
+        free(atom_wm_delete_window);
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::wayland) {
+        if (keyboard) wl_keyboard_destroy(keyboard);
+        if (pointer) wl_pointer_destroy(pointer);
+        if (seat) wl_seat_destroy(seat);
+        xdg_toplevel_destroy(window_toplevel);
+        xdg_surface_destroy(window_surface);
+        wl_surface_destroy(wayland_window);
+        xdg_wm_base_destroy(wm_base);
+        if (xdg_decoration_mgr) {
+            zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1_destroy(toplevel_decoration);
+            zxdg_decoration_manager_v1_destroy(xdg_decoration_mgr);
+        }
+        wl_compositor_destroy(compositor);
+        wl_registry_destroy(registry);
+        wl_display_disconnect(wayland_display);
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DIRECTFB_EXT)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::directfb) {
+        event_buffer->Release(event_buffer);
+        directfb_window->Release(directfb_window);
+        dfb->Release(dfb);
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_SCREEN_QNX)
+    screen_destroy_event(screen_event);
+    screen_destroy_window(screen_window);
+    screen_destroy_context(screen_context);
+#endif
+    if (use_debug_messenger) {
+        inst.destroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(debug_messenger);
+    }
+    inst.destroy();
+}
+
+void Demo::create_device() {
+    float priorities = 0.0;
+
+    std::vector<vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo> queues;
+    const vk::DeviceQueueCreateFlags queue_create_flags =
+        protected_output ? vk::DeviceQueueCreateFlagBits::eProtected : vk::DeviceQueueCreateFlags{};
+    queues.push_back(vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo()
+                         .setQueueFamilyIndex(graphics_queue_family_index)
+                         .setQueuePriorities(priorities)
+                         .setFlags(queue_create_flags));
+
+    if (separate_present_queue) {
+        queues.push_back(
+            vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo().setQueueFamilyIndex(present_queue_family_index).setQueuePriorities(priorities));
+    }
+
+    auto const protected_memory_features = vk::PhysicalDeviceProtectedMemoryFeatures().setProtectedMemory(protected_output);
+    auto deviceInfo = vk::DeviceCreateInfo()
+                          .setPNext(protected_output ? &protected_memory_features : nullptr)
+                          .setQueueCreateInfos(queues)
+                          .setPEnabledExtensionNames(enabled_device_extensions);
+    auto device_return = gpu.createDevice(deviceInfo);
+    VERIFY(device_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    device = device_return.value;
+    VULKAN_HPP_DEFAULT_DISPATCHER.init(device);
+}
+
+void Demo::destroy_texture(texture_object &tex_objs) {
+    // clean up staging resources
+    device.freeMemory(tex_objs.mem);
+    if (tex_objs.image) device.destroyImage(tex_objs.image);
+    if (tex_objs.buffer) device.destroyBuffer(tex_objs.buffer);
+}
+
+void Demo::draw() {
+    // Don't draw if initialization isn't complete, if the swapchain became outdated, or if the window is minimized
+    if (!initialized || !swapchain_ready || is_minimized) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    auto &current_submission = submission_resources[current_submission_index];
+
+    // Ensure no more than FRAME_LAG renderings are outstanding
+    const vk::Result wait_result = device.waitForFences(current_submission.fence, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
+    VERIFY(wait_result == vk::Result::eSuccess || wait_result == vk::Result::eTimeout);
+
+    vk::Result acquire_result;
+    uint32_t current_swapchain_image_index = 0;
+    do {
+        acquire_result = device.acquireNextImageKHR(swapchain, UINT64_MAX, current_submission.image_acquired_semaphore, vk::Fence(),
+                                                    &current_swapchain_image_index);
+        if (acquire_result == vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR) {
+            // demo.swapchain is out of date (e.g. the window was resized) and
+            // must be recreated:
+            resize();
+        } else if (acquire_result == vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR) {
+            // swapchain is not as optimal as it could be, but the platform's
+            // presentation engine will still present the image correctly.
+            break;
+        } else if (acquire_result == vk::Result::eErrorSurfaceLostKHR) {
+            inst.destroySurfaceKHR(surface);
+            create_surface();
+            resize();
+        } else {
+            VERIFY(acquire_result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+        }
+        // If we minimized then stop trying to draw
+        if (!swapchain_ready) {
+            return;
+        }
+    } while (acquire_result != vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    auto &current_swapchain_resource = swapchain_resources[current_swapchain_image_index];
+
+    update_data_buffer(submission_resources[current_submission_index].uniform_memory_ptr);
+
+    draw_build_cmd(current_submission, current_swapchain_resource);
+
+    if (separate_present_queue) {
+        build_image_ownership_cmd(current_submission, current_swapchain_resource);
+    }
+
+    // Only reset right before submitting so we can't deadlock on an un-signalled fence that has nothing submitted to it
+    auto reset_result = device.resetFences({current_submission.fence});
+    VERIFY(reset_result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    // Wait for the image acquired semaphore to be signaled to ensure
+    // that the image won't be rendered to until the presentation
+    // engine has fully released ownership to the application, and it is
+    // okay to render to the image.
+    vk::PipelineStageFlags const pipe_stage_flags = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput;
+    auto protected_submit_info = vk::ProtectedSubmitInfo().setProtectedSubmit(protected_output);
+
+    auto submit_result = graphics_queue.submit(vk::SubmitInfo()
+                                                   .setPNext(protected_output ? &protected_submit_info : nullptr)
+                                                   .setWaitDstStageMask(pipe_stage_flags)
+                                                   .setWaitSemaphores(current_submission.image_acquired_semaphore)
+                                                   .setCommandBuffers(current_submission.cmd)
+                                                   .setSignalSemaphores(current_swapchain_resource.draw_complete_semaphore),
+                                               current_submission.fence);
+    VERIFY(submit_result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    if (separate_present_queue) {
+        // If we are using separate queues, change image ownership to the
+        // present queue before presenting, waiting for the draw complete
+        // semaphore and signalling the ownership released semaphore when
+        // finished
+        auto change_owner_result =
+            present_queue.submit(vk::SubmitInfo()
+                                     .setWaitDstStageMask(pipe_stage_flags)
+                                     .setWaitSemaphores(current_swapchain_resource.draw_complete_semaphore)
+                                     .setCommandBuffers(current_submission.graphics_to_present_cmd)
+                                     .setSignalSemaphores(current_swapchain_resource.image_ownership_semaphore));
+        VERIFY(change_owner_result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+
+    const auto presentInfo = vk::PresentInfoKHR()
+                                 .setWaitSemaphores(separate_present_queue ? current_swapchain_resource.image_ownership_semaphore
+                                                                           : current_swapchain_resource.draw_complete_semaphore)
+                                 .setSwapchains(swapchain)
+                                 .setImageIndices(current_swapchain_image_index);
+
+    // If we are using separate queues we have to wait for image ownership,
+    // otherwise wait for draw complete
+    auto present_result = present_queue.presentKHR(&presentInfo);
+    current_submission_index += 1;
+    current_submission_index %= FRAME_LAG;
+    first_swapchain_frame = false;
+    if (present_result == vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR) {
+        // swapchain is out of date (e.g. the window was resized) and
+        // must be recreated:
+        resize();
+    } else if (present_result == vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR) {
+        // SUBOPTIMAL could be due to resize
+        vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR surfCapabilities;
+        auto caps_result = gpu.getSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(surface, &surfCapabilities);
+        VERIFY(caps_result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+        if (surfCapabilities.currentExtent.width != width || surfCapabilities.currentExtent.height != height) {
+            resize();
+        }
+    } else if (present_result == vk::Result::eErrorSurfaceLostKHR) {
+        inst.destroySurfaceKHR(surface);
+        create_surface();
+        resize();
+    } else {
+        VERIFY(present_result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+}
+
+void Demo::draw_build_cmd(const SubmissionResources &submission_resource, const SwapchainImageResources &swapchain_image_resource) {
+    const auto commandBuffer = submission_resource.cmd;
+    vk::ClearValue const clearValues[2] = {vk::ClearColorValue(std::array<float, 4>({{0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f}})),
+                                           vk::ClearDepthStencilValue(1.0f, 0u)};
+    auto result = commandBuffer.reset();
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    result = commandBuffer.begin(vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo().setFlags(vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eSimultaneousUse));
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    commandBuffer.beginRenderPass(vk::RenderPassBeginInfo()
+                                      .setRenderPass(render_pass)
+                                      .setFramebuffer(swapchain_image_resource.framebuffer)
+                                      .setRenderArea(vk::Rect2D(vk::Offset2D{}, vk::Extent2D(width, height)))
+                                      .setClearValueCount(2)
+                                      .setPClearValues(clearValues),
+                                  vk::SubpassContents::eInline);
+
+    commandBuffer.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, pipeline);
+    commandBuffer.bindDescriptorSets(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, pipeline_layout, 0, submission_resource.descriptor_set, {});
+    float viewport_dimension;
+    float viewport_x = 0.0f;
+    float viewport_y = 0.0f;
+    if (width < height) {
+        viewport_dimension = static_cast<float>(width);
+        viewport_y = (height - width) / 2.0f;
+    } else {
+        viewport_dimension = static_cast<float>(height);
+        viewport_x = (width - height) / 2.0f;
+    }
+
+    commandBuffer.setViewport(0, vk::Viewport()
+                                     .setX(viewport_x)
+                                     .setY(viewport_y)
+                                     .setWidth(viewport_dimension)
+                                     .setHeight(viewport_dimension)
+                                     .setMinDepth(0.0f)
+                                     .setMaxDepth(1.0f));
+
+    commandBuffer.setScissor(0, vk::Rect2D(vk::Offset2D{}, vk::Extent2D(width, height)));
+    commandBuffer.draw(12 * 3, 1, 0, 0);
+    // Note that ending the renderpass changes the image's layout from
+    // COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL to PRESENT_SRC_KHR
+    commandBuffer.endRenderPass();
+
+    if (separate_present_queue) {
+        // We have to transfer ownership from the graphics queue family to
+        // the
+        // present queue family to be able to present.  Note that we don't
+        // have
+        // to transfer from present queue family back to graphics queue
+        // family at
+        // the start of the next frame because we don't care about the
+        // image's
+        // contents at that point.
+        commandBuffer.pipelineBarrier(
+            vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eBottomOfPipe, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eBottomOfPipe, vk::DependencyFlagBits(), {}, {},
+            vk::ImageMemoryBarrier()
+                .setSrcAccessMask(vk::AccessFlags())
+                .setDstAccessMask(vk::AccessFlags())
+                .setOldLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR)
+                .setNewLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR)
+                .setSrcQueueFamilyIndex(graphics_queue_family_index)
+                .setDstQueueFamilyIndex(present_queue_family_index)
+                .setImage(swapchain_image_resource.image)
+                .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1)));
+    }
+
+    result = commandBuffer.end();
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_init_cmd() {
+    vk::CommandPoolCreateFlags cmd_pool_create_flags =
+        protected_output ? vk::CommandPoolCreateFlagBits::eProtected : vk::CommandPoolCreateFlags{};
+    cmd_pool_create_flags |= vk::CommandPoolCreateFlagBits::eResetCommandBuffer;
+    auto cmd_pool_return = device.createCommandPool(
+        vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo().setQueueFamilyIndex(graphics_queue_family_index).setFlags(cmd_pool_create_flags));
+    VERIFY(cmd_pool_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    cmd_pool = cmd_pool_return.value;
+
+    auto cmd_return = device.allocateCommandBuffers(vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo()
+                                                        .setCommandPool(cmd_pool)
+                                                        .setLevel(vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary)
+                                                        .setCommandBufferCount(1));
+    VERIFY(cmd_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    cmd = cmd_return.value[0];
+
+    auto result = cmd.begin(vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo());
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+}
+
+void Demo::flush_init_cmd() {
+    auto result = cmd.end();
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    auto fenceInfo = vk::FenceCreateInfo();
+    if (force_errors) {
+        // Remove sType to intentionally force validation layer errors.
+        fenceInfo.sType = vk::StructureType::eRenderPassBeginInfo;
+    }
+    auto fence_return = device.createFence(fenceInfo);
+    VERIFY(fence_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    auto fence = fence_return.value;
+
+    auto const protected_submit_info = vk::ProtectedSubmitInfo().setProtectedSubmit(protected_output);
+    result = graphics_queue.submit(
+        vk::SubmitInfo().setPNext(protected_output ? &protected_submit_info : nullptr).setCommandBuffers(cmd), fence);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    result = device.waitForFences(fence, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    device.freeCommandBuffers(cmd_pool, cmd);
+    device.destroyFence(fence);
+}
+
+void Demo::init(int argc, char **argv) {
+    vec3 eye = {0.0f, 3.0f, 5.0f};
+    vec3 origin = {0, 0, 0};
+    vec3 up = {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0};
+
+    presentMode = vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo;
+    frameCount = UINT32_MAX;
+    width = 500;
+    height = 500;
+    /* Autodetect suitable / best GPU by default */
+    gpu_number = -1;
+
+    for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+        if (strcmp(argv[i], "--use_staging") == 0) {
+            use_staging_buffer = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if ((strcmp(argv[i], "--present_mode") == 0) && (i < argc - 1)) {
+            presentMode = static_cast<vk::PresentModeKHR>(atoi(argv[i + 1]));
+            i++;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (strcmp(argv[i], "--break") == 0) {
+            use_break = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (strcmp(argv[i], "--validate") == 0) {
+            validate = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (strcmp(argv[i], "--xlib") == 0) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "--xlib is deprecated and no longer does anything\n");
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (strcmp(argv[i], "--c") == 0 && frameCount == UINT32_MAX && i < argc - 1 &&
+            sscanf(argv[i + 1], "%" SCNu32, &frameCount) == 1) {
+            i++;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (strcmp(argv[i], "--width") == 0) {
+            int32_t in_width = 0;
+            if (i < argc - 1 && sscanf(argv[i + 1], "%d", &in_width) == 1) {
+                if (in_width > 0) {
+                    width = static_cast<uint32_t>(in_width);
+                    i++;
+                    continue;
+                } else {
+                    ERR_EXIT("The --width parameter must be greater than 0", "User Error");
+                }
+            }
+            ERR_EXIT("The --width parameter must be followed by a number", "User Error");
+        }
+        if (strcmp(argv[i], "--height") == 0) {
+            int32_t in_height = 0;
+            if (i < argc - 1 && sscanf(argv[i + 1], "%d", &in_height) == 1) {
+                if (in_height > 0) {
+                    height = static_cast<uint32_t>(in_height);
+                    i++;
+                    continue;
+                } else {
+                    ERR_EXIT("The --height parameter must be greater than 0", "User Error");
+                }
+            }
+            ERR_EXIT("The --height parameter must be followed by a number", "User Error");
+        }
+        if (strcmp(argv[i], "--suppress_popups") == 0) {
+            suppress_popups = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if ((strcmp(argv[i], "--gpu_number") == 0) && (i < argc - 1)) {
+            gpu_number = atoi(argv[i + 1]);
+            if (gpu_number < 0) invalid_gpu_selection = true;
+            i++;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (strcmp(argv[i], "--force_errors") == 0) {
+            force_errors = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (strcmp(argv[i], "--protected_output") == 0) {
+            protected_output = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if ((strcmp(argv[i], "--wsi") == 0) && (i < argc - 1)) {
+            std::string selection_input = argv[i + 1];
+            for (char &c : selection_input) {
+                c = static_cast<char>(std::tolower(c));
+            }
+            WsiPlatform selection = wsi_from_string(selection_input);
+            if (selection == WsiPlatform::invalid) {
+                printf(
+                    "The --wsi parameter %s is not a supported WSI platform. The list of available platforms is available from "
+                    "--help\n",
+                    (const char *)&(argv[i + 1][0]));
+                fflush(stdout);
+                exit(1);
+            }
+            wsi_platform = selection;
+            i++;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        std::string wsi_platforms;
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+        wsi_platforms.append("xcb");
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+        if (!wsi_platforms.empty()) wsi_platforms.append("|");
+        wsi_platforms.append("xlib");
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+        if (!wsi_platforms.empty()) wsi_platforms.append("|");
+        wsi_platforms.append("wayland");
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DIRECTFB_EXT)
+        if (!wsi_platforms.empty()) wsi_platforms.append("|");
+        wsi_platforms.append("directfb");
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
+        if (!wsi_platforms.empty()) wsi_platforms.append("|");
+        wsi_platforms.append("display");
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
+        if (!wsi_platforms.empty()) wsi_platforms.append("|");
+        wsi_platforms.append("metal");
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
+        if (!wsi_platforms.empty()) wsi_platforms.append("|");
+        wsi_platforms.append("win32");
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID_KHR)
+        if (!wsi_platforms.empty()) wsi_platforms.append("|");
+        wsi_platforms.append("android");
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_SCREEN_QNX)
+        if (!wsi_platforms.empty()) wsi_platforms.append("|");
+        wsi_platforms.append("qnx");
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA)
+        if (!wsi_platforms.empty()) wsi_platforms.append("|");
+        wsi_platforms.append("fuchsia_display");
+        if (!wsi_platforms.empty()) wsi_platforms.append("|");
+        wsi_platforms.append("fuchsia_scenic");
+#endif
+        std::stringstream usage;
+        usage << "Usage:\n  " << APP_SHORT_NAME << "\t[--use_staging] [--validate]\n"
+              << "\t[--break] [--c <framecount>] [--suppress_popups]\n"
+              << "\t[--gpu_number <index of physical device>]\n"
+              << "\t[--present_mode <present mode enum>]\n"
+              << "\t[--width <width>] [--height <height>]\n"
+              << "\t[--force_errors]\n"
+              << "\t[--protected_output]\n"
+              << "\t[--wsi <" << wsi_platforms << ">]\n"
+              << "\t<present_mode_enum>\n"
+              << "\t\tVK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR = " << VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR << "\n"
+              << "\t\tVK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR = " << VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR << "\n"
+              << "\t\tVK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR = " << VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR << "\n"
+              << "\t\tVK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR = " << VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR << "\n";
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+        if (!suppress_popups) MessageBox(nullptr, usage.str().c_str(), "Usage Error", MB_OK);
+#else
+        std::cerr << usage.str();
+        std::cerr.flush();
+#endif
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    initialized = false;
+
+    init_vk();
+
+    spin_angle = 4.0f;
+    spin_increment = 0.2f;
+    pause = false;
+
+    mat4x4_perspective(projection_matrix, static_cast<float>(degreesToRadians(45.0f)), 1.0f, 0.1f, 100.0f);
+    mat4x4_look_at(view_matrix, eye, origin, up);
+    mat4x4_identity(model_matrix);
+
+    projection_matrix[1][1] *= -1;  // Flip projection matrix from GL to Vulkan orientation.
+}
+
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+const char *Demo::init_xcb_connection() {
+    xcb_library = initialize_xcb();
+    if (NULL == xcb_library) {
+        return "Cannot load XLIB dynamic library.";
+    }
+    const xcb_setup_t *setup;
+    xcb_screen_iterator_t iter;
+    int scr;
+
+    const char *display_envar = getenv("DISPLAY");
+    if (display_envar == nullptr || display_envar[0] == '\0') {
+        return "Environment variable DISPLAY requires a valid value.";
+    }
+
+    connection = xcb_connect(nullptr, &scr);
+    if (xcb_connection_has_error(connection) > 0) {
+        return "Cannot connect to XCB.";
+    }
+
+    setup = xcb_get_setup(connection);
+    iter = xcb_setup_roots_iterator(setup);
+    while (scr-- > 0) xcb_screen_next(&iter);
+
+    screen = iter.data;
+    return NULL;
+}
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+const char *Demo::init_xlib_connection() {
+    xlib_library = initialize_xlib();
+    if (NULL == xlib_library) {
+        return "Cannot load XLIB dynamic library.";
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+const char *Demo::init_wayland_connection() {
+    wayland_library = initialize_wayland();
+    if (NULL == wayland_library) {
+        return "Cannot load wayland dynamic library.";
+    }
+    wayland_display = wl_display_connect(nullptr);
+
+    if (wayland_display == nullptr) {
+        return "Cannot connect to wayland.";
+    }
+
+    registry = wl_display_get_registry(wayland_display);
+    wl_registry_add_listener(registry, &registry_listener, this);
+    wl_display_dispatch(wayland_display);
+    return NULL;
+}
+#endif
+
+void Demo::check_and_set_wsi_platform() {
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::wayland || wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::auto_) {
+        auto found = std::find_if(enabled_instance_extensions.begin(), enabled_instance_extensions.end(),
+                                  [](const char *str) { return 0 == strcmp(str, VK_KHR_WAYLAND_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME); });
+        if (found != enabled_instance_extensions.end()) {
+            const char *error_msg = init_wayland_connection();
+            if (error_msg != NULL) {
+                if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::wayland) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "%s\nExiting ...\n", error_msg);
+                    fflush(stdout);
+                    exit(1);
+                }
+            } else {
+                wsi_platform = WsiPlatform::wayland;
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::xcb || wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::auto_) {
+        auto found = std::find_if(enabled_instance_extensions.begin(), enabled_instance_extensions.end(),
+                                  [](const char *str) { return 0 == strcmp(str, VK_KHR_XCB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME); });
+        if (found != enabled_instance_extensions.end()) {
+            const char *error_msg = init_xcb_connection();
+            if (error_msg != NULL) {
+                if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::xcb) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "%s\nExiting ...\n", error_msg);
+                    fflush(stdout);
+                    exit(1);
+                }
+            } else {
+                wsi_platform = WsiPlatform::xcb;
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::xlib || wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::auto_) {
+        auto found = std::find_if(enabled_instance_extensions.begin(), enabled_instance_extensions.end(),
+                                  [](const char *str) { return 0 == strcmp(str, VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME); });
+        if (found != enabled_instance_extensions.end()) {
+            const char *error_msg = init_xlib_connection();
+            if (error_msg != NULL) {
+                if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::xlib) {
+                    fprintf(stderr, "%s\nExiting ...\n", error_msg);
+                    fflush(stdout);
+                    exit(1);
+                }
+            } else {
+                wsi_platform = WsiPlatform::xlib;
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DIRECTFB_EXT)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::directfb || wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::auto_) {
+        auto found = std::find_if(enabled_instance_extensions.begin(), enabled_instance_extensions.end(),
+                                  [](const char *str) { return 0 == strcmp(str, VK_EXT_DIRECTFB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME); });
+        if (found != enabled_instance_extensions.end()) {
+            // Because DirectFB is still linked in, we can assume that it works if we got here
+            wsi_platform = WsiPlatform::directfb;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::win32 || wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::auto_) {
+        auto found = std::find_if(enabled_instance_extensions.begin(), enabled_instance_extensions.end(),
+                                  [](const char *str) { return 0 == strcmp(str, VK_KHR_WIN32_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME); });
+        if (found != enabled_instance_extensions.end()) {
+            wsi_platform = WsiPlatform::win32;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_ANDROID_KHR)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::android || wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::auto_) {
+        auto found = std::find_if(enabled_instance_extensions.begin(), enabled_instance_extensions.end(),
+                                  [](const char *str) { return 0 == strcmp(str, VK_KHR_ANDROID_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME); });
+        if (found != enabled_instance_extensions.end()) {
+            wsi_platform = WsiPlatform::android;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::metal || wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::auto_) {
+        auto found = std::find_if(enabled_instance_extensions.begin(), enabled_instance_extensions.end(),
+                                  [](const char *str) { return 0 == strcmp(str, VK_EXT_METAL_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME); });
+        if (found != enabled_instance_extensions.end()) {
+            wsi_platform = WsiPlatform::metal;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_SCREEN_QNX)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::qnx || wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::auto_) {
+        auto found = std::find_if(enabled_instance_extensions.begin(), enabled_instance_extensions.end(),
+                                  [](const char *str) { return 0 == strcmp(str, VK_QNX_SCREEN_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME); });
+        if (found != enabled_instance_extensions.end()) {
+            wsi_platform = WsiPlatform::qnx;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::display || wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::auto_) {
+        auto found = std::find_if(enabled_instance_extensions.begin(), enabled_instance_extensions.end(),
+                                  [](const char *str) { return 0 == strcmp(str, VK_KHR_DISPLAY_EXTENSION_NAME); });
+        if (found != enabled_instance_extensions.end()) {
+            wsi_platform = WsiPlatform::display;
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::auto_) {
+        ERR_EXIT("auto WSI platform is not supported on Fuchsia", "check_and_set_wsi_platform error");
+    }
+#endif
+}
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
+int find_display_gpu(int gpu_number, const std::vector<vk::PhysicalDevice> &physical_devices) {
+    uint32_t display_count = 0;
+    int gpu_return = gpu_number;
+    if (gpu_number >= 0) {
+        auto display_props_return = physical_devices[gpu_number].getDisplayPropertiesKHR();
+        VERIFY(display_props_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+        display_count = static_cast<uint32_t>(display_props_return.value.size());
+    } else {
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < physical_devices.size(); i++) {
+            auto display_props_return = physical_devices[i].getDisplayPropertiesKHR();
+            VERIFY(display_props_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+            if (display_props_return.value.size() > 0) {
+                display_count = static_cast<uint32_t>(display_props_return.value.size());
+                gpu_return = i;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (display_count > 0)
+        return gpu_return;
+    else
+        return -1;
+}
+#endif
+VKAPI_ATTR vk::Bool32 VKAPI_CALL Demo::debug_messenger_callback(vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity,
+                                                                vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType,
+                                                                const vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT *pCallbackData,
+                                                                void *pUserData) {
+    std::ostringstream message;
+    Demo &demo = *static_cast<Demo *>(pUserData);
+
+    if (demo.use_break) {
+#ifndef WIN32
+        raise(SIGTRAP);
+#else
+        DebugBreak();
+#endif
+    }
+    message << vk::to_string(vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT(messageSeverity));
+    message << " : " + vk::to_string(vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT(messageType));
+
+    if (vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT(messageType) & vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagBitsEXT::eValidation) {
+        validation_error = 1;
+    }
+
+    message << " - Message Id Number: " << std::to_string(pCallbackData->messageIdNumber);
+    message << " | Message Id Name: " << (pCallbackData->pMessageIdName == nullptr ? "" : pCallbackData->pMessageIdName) << "\n\t"
+            << pCallbackData->pMessage << "\n";
+
+    if (pCallbackData->objectCount > 0) {
+        message << "\n\tObjects - " << pCallbackData->objectCount << "\n";
+        for (uint32_t object = 0; object < pCallbackData->objectCount; ++object) {
+            message << "\t\tObject[" << object << "] - "
+                    << vk::to_string(vk::ObjectType(pCallbackData->pObjects[object].objectType)) << ", Handle ";
+
+            // Print handle correctly if it is a dispatchable handle - aka a pointer
+            vk::ObjectType t = pCallbackData->pObjects[object].objectType;
+            if (t == vk::ObjectType::eInstance || t == vk::ObjectType::ePhysicalDevice || t == vk::ObjectType::eDevice ||
+                t == vk::ObjectType::eCommandBuffer || t == vk::ObjectType::eQueue) {
+                message << reinterpret_cast<void *>(static_cast<uintptr_t>(pCallbackData->pObjects[object].objectHandle));
+            } else {
+                message << pCallbackData->pObjects[object].objectHandle;
+            }
+            if (NULL != pCallbackData->pObjects[object].pObjectName && strlen(pCallbackData->pObjects[object].pObjectName) > 0) {
+                message << ", Name \"" << pCallbackData->pObjects[object].pObjectName << "\"\n";
+            } else {
+                message << "\n";
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    if (pCallbackData->cmdBufLabelCount > 0) {
+        message << "\n\tCommand Buffer Labels - " << pCallbackData->cmdBufLabelCount << "\n";
+        for (uint32_t cmd_buf_label = 0; cmd_buf_label < pCallbackData->cmdBufLabelCount; ++cmd_buf_label) {
+            message << "\t\tLabel[" << cmd_buf_label << "] - " << pCallbackData->pCmdBufLabels[cmd_buf_label].pLabelName << " { "
+                    << pCallbackData->pCmdBufLabels[cmd_buf_label].color[0] << ", "
+                    << pCallbackData->pCmdBufLabels[cmd_buf_label].color[1] << ", "
+                    << pCallbackData->pCmdBufLabels[cmd_buf_label].color[2] << ", "
+                    << pCallbackData->pCmdBufLabels[cmd_buf_label].color[2] << "}\n";
+        }
+    }
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+
+    if (!demo.suppress_popups) {
+        demo.in_callback = true;
+        auto message_string = message.str();
+        MessageBox(NULL, message_string.c_str(), "Alert", MB_OK);
+        demo.in_callback = false;
+    }
+
+#elif defined(ANDROID)
+
+    if (messageSeverity & VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_INFO_BIT_EXT) {
+        __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_INFO, APP_SHORT_NAME, "%s", message.str());
+    } else if (messageSeverity & VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT) {
+        __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_WARN, APP_SHORT_NAME, "%s", message.str());
+    } else if (messageSeverity & VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT) {
+        __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_ERROR, APP_SHORT_NAME, "%s", message.str());
+    } else if (messageSeverity & VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT) {
+        __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_VERBOSE, APP_SHORT_NAME, "%s", message.str());
+    } else {
+        __android_log_print(ANDROID_LOG_INFO, APP_SHORT_NAME, "%s", message.str());
+    }
+
+#else
+    std::cout << message.str() << std::endl;  // use endl to force a flush
+#endif
+    return false;  // Don't bail out, but keep going.
+}
+
+void Demo::init_vk() {
+    VULKAN_HPP_DEFAULT_DISPATCHER.init();
+
+    uint32_t apiVersion = 0;
+    vk::Result enumerate_instance_version_result = vk::enumerateInstanceVersion(&apiVersion);
+    if (protected_output) {
+        if (enumerate_instance_version_result != vk::Result::eSuccess) {
+            ERR_EXIT("Failed to query instance version.", "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+        }
+        if (apiVersion < VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 1, 0)) {
+            ERR_EXIT("Need Vulkan 1.1 instance for protected output.", "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::vector<char const *> instance_validation_layers = {"VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"};
+
+    // Look for validation layers
+    vk::Bool32 validation_found = VK_FALSE;
+    if (validate) {
+        auto layers = vk::enumerateInstanceLayerProperties();
+        VERIFY(layers.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        validation_found = check_layers(instance_validation_layers, layers.value);
+        if (validation_found) {
+            enabled_layers.push_back("VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation");
+        }
+
+        else {
+            ERR_EXIT(
+                "vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties failed to find required validation layer.\n\n"
+                "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
+                "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Look for instance extensions */
+    vk::Bool32 surfaceExtFound = VK_FALSE;
+    vk::Bool32 platformSurfaceExtFound = VK_FALSE;
+    bool portabilityEnumerationActive = false;
+
+    // Some platforms (for example, Fuchsia) may have their WSI instance
+    // extension in layers and require the client to manually specify the
+    // instance extension layer.
+    vk::Optional<const std::string> instance_extension_layer = nullptr;
+#if VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA
+    const char *image_pipe_layer_name = get_fuchsia_image_pipe_layer();
+    enabled_layers.push_back(image_pipe_layer_name);
+
+    const std::string image_pipe_layer_name_str = image_pipe_layer_name;
+    instance_extension_layer = image_pipe_layer_name_str;
+#endif  // VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA
+
+    auto instance_extensions_return = vk::enumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(instance_extension_layer);
+    VERIFY(instance_extensions_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    for (const auto &extension : instance_extensions_return.value) {
+        if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_GET_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROPERTIES_2_EXTENSION_NAME, extension.extensionName)) {
+            enabled_instance_extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_GET_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_PROPERTIES_2_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        } else if (!strcmp(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME, extension.extensionName)) {
+            use_debug_messenger = true;
+            enabled_instance_extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        } else if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_PORTABILITY_ENUMERATION_EXTENSION_NAME, extension.extensionName)) {
+            // We want cube to be able to enumerate drivers that support the portability_subset extension, so we have to enable the
+            // portability enumeration extension.
+            portabilityEnumerationActive = true;
+            enabled_instance_extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_PORTABILITY_ENUMERATION_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        } else if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, extension.extensionName)) {
+            surfaceExtFound = 1;
+            enabled_instance_extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        }
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
+        else if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_WIN32_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, extension.extensionName) &&
+                 (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::auto_ || wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::win32)) {
+            platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
+            enabled_instance_extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_WIN32_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+        else if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, extension.extensionName) &&
+                 (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::auto_ || wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::xlib)) {
+            platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
+            enabled_instance_extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+        else if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_XCB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, extension.extensionName) &&
+                 (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::auto_ || wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::xcb)) {
+            platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
+            enabled_instance_extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_XCB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+        else if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_WAYLAND_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, extension.extensionName) &&
+                 (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::auto_ || wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::wayland)) {
+            platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
+            enabled_instance_extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_WAYLAND_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DIRECTFB_EXT)
+        else if (!strcmp(VK_EXT_DIRECTFB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, extension.extensionName) &&
+                 (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::auto_ || wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::directfb)) {
+            platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
+            enabled_instance_extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DIRECTFB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
+        else if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_DISPLAY_EXTENSION_NAME, extension.extensionName) &&
+                 (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::auto_ || wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::display)) {
+            platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
+            enabled_instance_extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_DISPLAY_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
+        else if (!strcmp(VK_EXT_METAL_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, extension.extensionName) &&
+                 (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::auto_ || wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::metal)) {
+            platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
+            enabled_instance_extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_METAL_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_SCREEN_QNX)
+        else if (!strcmp(VK_QNX_SCREEN_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, extension.extensionName) &&
+                 (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::auto_ || wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::qnx)) {
+            platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
+            enabled_instance_extensions.push_back(VK_QNX_SCREEN_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA)
+        else if (!strcmp(VK_FUCHSIA_IMAGEPIPE_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, extension.extensionName)) {
+            platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
+            enabled_instance_extensions.push_back(VK_FUCHSIA_IMAGEPIPE_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+
+    if (!surfaceExtFound) {
+        ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
+                 " instance extension.\n\n"
+                 "This indicates that no compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) is present or that the system is not "
+                 "configured to present to the screen. \n",
+                 "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+    }
+
+    if (!platformSurfaceExtFound) {
+        switch (wsi_platform) {
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
+            case (WsiPlatform::win32):
+                ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_WIN32_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
+                         " instance extension.\n\n"
+                         "The selected WSI platform win32 is not available, please choose a different WSI platform\n",
+                         "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+                break;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+            case (WsiPlatform::xcb):
+                ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_XCB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
+                         " instance extension.\n\n"
+                         "The selected WSI platform xcb is not available, please choose a different WSI platform\n",
+                         "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+                break;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+            case (WsiPlatform::wayland):
+                ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_WAYLAND_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
+                         " instance extension.\n\n"
+                         "The selected WSI platform wayland is not available, please choose a different WSI platform\n",
+                         "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+                break;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+            case (WsiPlatform::xlib):
+                ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
+                         " instance extension.\n\n"
+                         "The selected WSI platform xlib is not available, please choose a different WSI platform\n",
+                         "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+                break;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DIRECTFB_EXT)
+            case (WsiPlatform::directfb):
+                ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_EXT_DIRECTFB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
+                         " instance extension.\n\n"
+                         "The selected WSI platform directfb is not available, please choose a different WSI platform\n",
+                         "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+                break;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
+            case (WsiPlatform::display):
+                ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_DISPLAY_EXTENSION_NAME
+                         " instance extension.\n\n"
+                         "The selected WSI platform display is not available, please choose a different WSI platform\n",
+                         "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+                break;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
+            case (WsiPlatform::metal):
+                ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_EXT_METAL_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
+                         " instance extension.\n\n"
+                         "The selected WSI platform metal is not available, please choose a different WSI platform\n",
+                         "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+                break;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_SCREEN_QNX)
+            case (WsiPlatform::qnx):
+                ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_QNX_SCREEN_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
+                         " instance extension.\n\n"
+                         "The selected WSI platform qnx is not available, please choose a different WSI platform\n",
+                         "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+                break;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA)
+            case (WsiPlatform::fuchsia_display):
+            case (WsiPlatform::fuchsia_scenic):
+                ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_FUCHSIA_IMAGEPIPE_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
+                         " instance extension.\n\n"
+                         "The selected WSI platform fuschia is not available, please choose a different WSI platform\n",
+                         "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+                break;
+#endif
+            default:
+            case (WsiPlatform::auto_):
+                // Getting here indicates we are using the WSI extension that is default on this platform
+                ERR_EXIT(
+                    "vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find any supported WSI surface instance extensions.\n\n"
+                    "This indicates that no compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) is present or that the system is not "
+                    "configured to present to the screen. \n",
+                    "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+        }
+    }
+
+    bool auto_wsi_platform = wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::auto_;
+
+    check_and_set_wsi_platform();
+
+    // Print a message to indicate the automatically set WSI platform
+    if (auto_wsi_platform && wsi_platform != WsiPlatform::auto_) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Selected WSI platform: %s\n", wsi_to_string(wsi_platform));
+    }
+
+    vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT severityFlags(vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eWarning |
+                                                        vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT::eError);
+    vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageTypeFlags(vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagBitsEXT::eGeneral |
+                                                       vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagBitsEXT::ePerformance |
+                                                       vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagBitsEXT::eValidation);
+    auto debug_utils_create_info = vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT({}, severityFlags, messageTypeFlags,
+                                                                        &debug_messenger_callback, static_cast<void *>(this));
+
+    auto const app = vk::ApplicationInfo()
+                         .setPApplicationName(APP_SHORT_NAME)
+                         .setApplicationVersion(0)
+                         .setPEngineName(APP_SHORT_NAME)
+                         .setEngineVersion(0)
+                         .setApiVersion(VK_API_VERSION_1_0);
+    auto const inst_info = vk::InstanceCreateInfo()
+                               .setFlags(portabilityEnumerationActive ? vk::InstanceCreateFlagBits::eEnumeratePortabilityKHR
+                                                                      : static_cast<vk::InstanceCreateFlagBits>(0))
+                               .setPNext((use_debug_messenger && validate) ? &debug_utils_create_info : nullptr)
+                               .setPApplicationInfo(&app)
+                               .setPEnabledLayerNames(enabled_layers)
+                               .setPEnabledExtensionNames(enabled_instance_extensions);
+
+    auto instance_result = vk::createInstance(inst_info);
+    if (instance_result.result == vk::Result::eErrorIncompatibleDriver) {
+        ERR_EXIT(
+            "Cannot find a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD).\n\n"
+            "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
+            "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+    } else if (instance_result.result == vk::Result::eErrorExtensionNotPresent) {
+        ERR_EXIT(
+            "Cannot find a specified extension library.\n"
+            "Make sure your layers path is set appropriately.\n",
+            "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+    } else if (instance_result.result != vk::Result::eSuccess) {
+        ERR_EXIT(
+            "vkCreateInstance failed.\n\n"
+            "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
+            "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
+            "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+    }
+    inst = instance_result.value;
+    VULKAN_HPP_DEFAULT_DISPATCHER.init(inst);
+
+    if (use_debug_messenger) {
+        auto create_debug_messenger_return = inst.createDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(debug_utils_create_info);
+        VERIFY(create_debug_messenger_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+        debug_messenger = create_debug_messenger_return.value;
+    }
+}
+
+void Demo::select_physical_device() {
+    auto physical_device_return = inst.enumeratePhysicalDevices();
+    VERIFY(physical_device_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    auto physical_devices = physical_device_return.value;
+
+    if (physical_devices.size() <= 0) {
+        ERR_EXIT(
+            "vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices reported zero accessible devices.\n\n"
+            "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
+            "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
+            "vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices Failure");
+    }
+
+    if (invalid_gpu_selection || (gpu_number >= 0 && !(static_cast<uint32_t>(gpu_number) < physical_devices.size()))) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "GPU %d specified is not present, GPU count = %zu\n", gpu_number, physical_devices.size());
+        ERR_EXIT("Specified GPU number is not present", "User Error");
+    }
+
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::display) {
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
+        gpu_number = find_display_gpu(gpu_number, physical_devices);
+        if (gpu_number < 0) {
+            printf("Cannot find any display!\n");
+            fflush(stdout);
+            exit(1);
+        }
+#else
+        printf(
+            "WSI selection was set to DISPLAY but vkcubepp was not compiled with support for the DISPLAY platform, exiting "
+            "\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+#endif
+    } else {
+        /* Try to auto select most suitable device */
+        if (gpu_number == -1) {
+            int prev_priority = 0;
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < physical_devices.size(); i++) {
+                const auto physicalDeviceProperties = physical_devices[i].getProperties();
+                assert(physicalDeviceProperties.deviceType <= vk::PhysicalDeviceType::eCpu);
+
+                auto support_result = physical_devices[i].getSurfaceSupportKHR(0, surface);
+                if (support_result.result != vk::Result::eSuccess || support_result.value != vk::True) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                std::map<vk::PhysicalDeviceType, int> device_type_priorities = {
+                    {vk::PhysicalDeviceType::eDiscreteGpu, 5}, {vk::PhysicalDeviceType::eIntegratedGpu, 4},
+                    {vk::PhysicalDeviceType::eVirtualGpu, 3},  {vk::PhysicalDeviceType::eCpu, 2},
+                    {vk::PhysicalDeviceType::eOther, 1},
+                };
+                int priority = -1;
+                if (device_type_priorities.find(physicalDeviceProperties.deviceType) != device_type_priorities.end()) {
+                    priority = device_type_priorities[physicalDeviceProperties.deviceType];
+                }
+
+                if (priority > prev_priority) {
+                    gpu_number = i;
+                    prev_priority = priority;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    assert(gpu_number >= 0);
+    gpu = physical_devices[gpu_number];
+    {
+        auto physicalDeviceProperties = gpu.getProperties();
+        fprintf(stderr, "Selected GPU %d: %s, type: %s\n", gpu_number, physicalDeviceProperties.deviceName.data(),
+                to_string(physicalDeviceProperties.deviceType).c_str());
+    }
+
+    /* Look for device extensions */
+    vk::Bool32 swapchainExtFound = VK_FALSE;
+
+    // Some platforms (for example, Fuchsia) may have their device swapchain
+    // extension in layers and require the client to manually specify the
+    // device swapchain extension layer.
+    vk::Optional<const std::string> device_extension_layer = nullptr;
+#if VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA
+    const std::string image_pipe_layer_name = get_fuchsia_image_pipe_layer();
+    device_extension_layer = image_pipe_layer_name;
+#endif  // VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA
+
+    // Currently we assume that the device swapchain extension layer is always
+    // enabled when the instance is initialized.
+    assert((!device_extension_layer) || (std::any_of(enabled_layers.begin(), enabled_layers.end(), [&](const char *layer_name) {
+               return *device_extension_layer == layer_name;
+           })));
+
+    auto device_extension_return = gpu.enumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device_extension_layer);
+    VERIFY(device_extension_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    for (const auto &extension : device_extension_return.value) {
+        if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME, extension.extensionName)) {
+            swapchainExtFound = 1;
+            enabled_device_extensions.push_back(VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME);
+        } else if (!strcmp("VK_KHR_portability_subset", extension.extensionName)) {
+            enabled_device_extensions.push_back("VK_KHR_portability_subset");
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!swapchainExtFound) {
+        ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME
+                 " extension.\n\n"
+                 "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
+                 "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
+                 "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+    }
+
+    gpu.getProperties(&gpu_props);
+
+    if (protected_output && gpu_props.apiVersion < VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 1, 0)) {
+        ERR_EXIT("Need Vulkan 1.1 physical device for protected output.", "VkPhysicalDevice failure");
+    }
+
+    /* Call with nullptr data to get count */
+    queue_props = gpu.getQueueFamilyProperties();
+    assert(queue_props.size() >= 1);
+
+    // Query fine-grained feature support for this device.
+    //  If app has specific feature requirements it should check supported
+    //  features based on this query
+    vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures physDevFeatures;
+    gpu.getFeatures(&physDevFeatures);
+}
+
+void Demo::create_surface() {
+// Create a WSI surface for the window:
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::win32) {
+        auto const createInfo = vk::Win32SurfaceCreateInfoKHR().setHinstance(connection).setHwnd(window);
+
+        auto result = inst.createWin32SurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::wayland) {
+        auto const createInfo = vk::WaylandSurfaceCreateInfoKHR().setDisplay(wayland_display).setSurface(wayland_window);
+
+        auto result = inst.createWaylandSurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+        return;
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::xlib) {
+        auto const createInfo = vk::XlibSurfaceCreateInfoKHR().setDpy(xlib_display).setWindow(xlib_window);
+
+        auto result = inst.createXlibSurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::xcb) {
+        auto const createInfo = vk::XcbSurfaceCreateInfoKHR().setConnection(connection).setWindow(xcb_window);
+
+        auto result = inst.createXcbSurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DIRECTFB_EXT)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::directfb) {
+        auto const createInfo = vk::DirectFBSurfaceCreateInfoEXT().setDfb(dfb).setSurface(directfb_window);
+
+        auto result = inst.createDirectFBSurfaceEXT(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
+    {
+        auto const createInfo = vk::MetalSurfaceCreateInfoEXT().setPLayer(static_cast<CAMetalLayer *>(caMetalLayer));
+
+        auto result = inst.createMetalSurfaceEXT(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::display) {
+        auto result = create_display_surface();
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_SCREEN_QNX)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::qnx) {
+        auto const createInfo = vk::ScreenSurfaceCreateInfoQNX().setContext(screen_context).setWindow(screen_window);
+
+        auto result = inst.createScreenSurfaceQNX(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::fuchsia_display) {
+        auto createInfo = vk::ImagePipeSurfaceCreateInfoFUCHSIA();
+        auto result = inst.createImagePipeSurfaceFUCHSIA(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::fuchsia_scenic) {
+        auto createInfo = vk::ImagePipeSurfaceCreateInfoFUCHSIA();
+        // We are using ImagePipeSurface here, but it is being migrated to Flatland and the handle parameter is Flatland's
+        // ViewCreationToken during this process.
+        createInfo.setImagePipeHandle(std::move(view_creation_token).value().release());
+        auto result = inst.createImagePipeSurfaceFUCHSIA(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+void Demo::init_vk_swapchain() {
+    // Iterate over each queue to learn whether it supports presenting:
+    std::vector<vk::Bool32> supportsPresent;
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < static_cast<uint32_t>(queue_props.size()); i++) {
+        auto supports = gpu.getSurfaceSupportKHR(i, surface);
+        VERIFY(supports.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+        supportsPresent.push_back(supports.value);
+    }
+
+    uint32_t graphicsQueueFamilyIndex = UINT32_MAX;
+    uint32_t presentQueueFamilyIndex = UINT32_MAX;
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < static_cast<uint32_t>(queue_props.size()); i++) {
+        if (queue_props[i].queueFlags & vk::QueueFlagBits::eGraphics) {
+            if (graphicsQueueFamilyIndex == UINT32_MAX) {
+                graphicsQueueFamilyIndex = i;
+            }
+
+            if (supportsPresent[i] == VK_TRUE) {
+                graphicsQueueFamilyIndex = i;
+                presentQueueFamilyIndex = i;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (presentQueueFamilyIndex == UINT32_MAX) {
+        // If didn't find a queue that supports both graphics and present,
+        // then
+        // find a separate present queue.
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < queue_props.size(); ++i) {
+            if (supportsPresent[i] == VK_TRUE) {
+                presentQueueFamilyIndex = i;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Generate error if could not find both a graphics and a present queue
+    if (graphicsQueueFamilyIndex == UINT32_MAX || presentQueueFamilyIndex == UINT32_MAX) {
+        ERR_EXIT("Could not find both graphics and present queues\n", "Swapchain Initialization Failure");
+    }
+
+    graphics_queue_family_index = graphicsQueueFamilyIndex;
+    present_queue_family_index = presentQueueFamilyIndex;
+    separate_present_queue = (graphics_queue_family_index != present_queue_family_index);
+
+    create_device();
+
+    if (protected_output) {
+        auto const queue_info2 = vk::DeviceQueueInfo2()
+                                     .setFlags(vk::DeviceQueueCreateFlagBits::eProtected)
+                                     .setQueueFamilyIndex(graphics_queue_family_index)
+                                     .setQueueIndex(0);
+        device.getQueue2(&queue_info2, &graphics_queue);
+    } else {
+        graphics_queue = device.getQueue(graphics_queue_family_index, 0);
+    }
+
+    if (!separate_present_queue) {
+        present_queue = graphics_queue;
+    } else {
+        present_queue = device.getQueue(present_queue_family_index, 0);
+    }
+
+    // Get the list of VkFormat's that are supported:
+    auto surface_formats_return = gpu.getSurfaceFormatsKHR(surface);
+    VERIFY(surface_formats_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    vk::SurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = pick_surface_format(surface_formats_return.value);
+    format = surfaceFormat.format;
+    color_space = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
+
+    quit = false;
+    first_swapchain_frame = true;
+    curFrame = 0;
+
+    // Get Memory information and properties
+    memory_properties = gpu.getMemoryProperties();
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare() {
+    prepare_init_cmd();
+    prepare_textures();
+    prepare_cube_data_buffers();
+
+    prepare_descriptor_layout();
+    // Only need to know the format of the depth buffer before we create the renderpass
+    depth.format = vk::Format::eD16Unorm;
+    prepare_render_pass();
+    prepare_pipeline();
+
+    for (auto &submission_resource : submission_resources) {
+        auto alloc_return = device.allocateCommandBuffers(vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo()
+                                                              .setCommandPool(cmd_pool)
+                                                              .setLevel(vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary)
+                                                              .setCommandBufferCount(1));
+        VERIFY(alloc_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+        submission_resource.cmd = alloc_return.value[0];
+    }
+
+    if (separate_present_queue) {
+        auto present_cmd_pool_return =
+            device.createCommandPool(vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo().setQueueFamilyIndex(present_queue_family_index));
+        VERIFY(present_cmd_pool_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+        present_cmd_pool = present_cmd_pool_return.value;
+
+        for (auto &submission_resource : submission_resources) {
+            auto alloc_cmd_return = device.allocateCommandBuffers(vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo()
+                                                                      .setCommandPool(present_cmd_pool)
+                                                                      .setLevel(vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary)
+                                                                      .setCommandBufferCount(1));
+            VERIFY(alloc_cmd_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+            submission_resource.graphics_to_present_cmd = alloc_cmd_return.value[0];
+        }
+    }
+
+    prepare_descriptor_pool();
+    prepare_descriptor_set();
+
+    prepare_framebuffers();
+
+    prepare_submission_sync_objects();
+
+    /*
+     * Prepare functions above may generate pipeline commands
+     * that need to be flushed before beginning the render loop.
+     */
+    flush_init_cmd();
+    if (staging_texture.buffer) {
+        destroy_texture(staging_texture);
+    }
+
+    initialized = true;
+
+    prepare_swapchain();
+}
+
+// Creates the swapchain, swapchain image views, depth buffer, framebuffers, and sempahores.
+// This function returns early if it fails to create a swapchain, setting swapchain_ready to false.
+void Demo::prepare_swapchain() {
+    vk::SwapchainKHR oldSwapchain = swapchain;
+
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+    if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::wayland && !xdg_surface_has_been_configured) {
+        return;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    // Check the surface capabilities and formats
+    auto surface_capabilities_return = gpu.getSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(surface);
+    VERIFY(surface_capabilities_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    auto surfCapabilities = surface_capabilities_return.value;
+
+    auto present_modes_return = gpu.getSurfacePresentModesKHR(surface);
+    VERIFY(present_modes_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    auto present_modes = present_modes_return.value;
+
+    vk::Extent2D swapchainExtent;
+    // width and height are either both -1, or both not -1.
+    if (surfCapabilities.currentExtent.width == static_cast<uint32_t>(-1)) {
+        // If the surface size is undefined, the size is set to
+        // the size of the images requested.
+        swapchainExtent.width = width;
+        swapchainExtent.height = height;
+    } else {
+        // If the surface size is defined, the swap chain size must match
+        swapchainExtent = surfCapabilities.currentExtent;
+        width = surfCapabilities.currentExtent.width;
+        height = surfCapabilities.currentExtent.height;
+    }
+
+    if (width == 0 || height == 0) {
+        is_minimized = true;
+        return;
+    } else {
+        is_minimized = false;
+    }
+    // The FIFO present mode is guaranteed by the spec to be supported
+    // and to have no tearing.  It's a great default present mode to use.
+    vk::PresentModeKHR swapchainPresentMode = vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo;
+
+    //  There are times when you may wish to use another present mode.  The
+    //  following code shows how to select them, and the comments provide some
+    //  reasons you may wish to use them.
+    //
+    // It should be noted that Vulkan 1.0 doesn't provide a method for
+    // synchronizing rendering with the presentation engine's display.  There
+    // is a method provided for throttling rendering with the display, but
+    // there are some presentation engines for which this method will not work.
+    // If an application doesn't throttle its rendering, and if it renders much
+    // faster than the refresh rate of the display, this can waste power on
+    // mobile devices.  That is because power is being spent rendering images
+    // that may never be seen.
+
+    // VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR is for applications that don't care
+    // about
+    // tearing, or have some way of synchronizing their rendering with the
+    // display.
+    // VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR may be useful for applications that
+    // generally render a new presentable image every refresh cycle, but are
+    // occasionally early.  In this case, the application wants the new
+    // image
+    // to be displayed instead of the previously-queued-for-presentation
+    // image
+    // that has not yet been displayed.
+    // VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR is for applications that generally
+    // render a new presentable image every refresh cycle, but are
+    // occasionally
+    // late.  In this case (perhaps because of stuttering/latency concerns),
+    // the application wants the late image to be immediately displayed,
+    // even
+    // though that may mean some tearing.
+
+    if (presentMode != swapchainPresentMode) {
+        for (const auto &mode : present_modes) {
+            if (mode == presentMode) {
+                swapchainPresentMode = mode;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (swapchainPresentMode != presentMode) {
+        ERR_EXIT("Present mode specified is not supported\n", "Present mode unsupported");
+    }
+
+    // Determine the number of VkImages to use in the swap chain.
+    // Application desires to acquire 3 images at a time for triple
+    // buffering
+    uint32_t desiredNumOfSwapchainImages = 3;
+    if (desiredNumOfSwapchainImages < surfCapabilities.minImageCount) {
+        desiredNumOfSwapchainImages = surfCapabilities.minImageCount;
+    }
+
+    // If maxImageCount is 0, we can ask for as many images as we want,
+    // otherwise
+    // we're limited to maxImageCount
+    if ((surfCapabilities.maxImageCount > 0) && (desiredNumOfSwapchainImages > surfCapabilities.maxImageCount)) {
+        // Application must settle for fewer images than desired:
+        desiredNumOfSwapchainImages = surfCapabilities.maxImageCount;
+    }
+
+    vk::SurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR preTransform;
+    if (surfCapabilities.supportedTransforms & vk::SurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR::eIdentity) {
+        preTransform = vk::SurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR::eIdentity;
+    } else {
+        preTransform = surfCapabilities.currentTransform;
+    }
+
+    // Find a supported composite alpha mode - one of these is guaranteed to be set
+    vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR compositeAlpha = vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque;
+    std::array<vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR, 4> compositeAlphaFlags = {
+        vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque,
+        vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::ePreMultiplied,
+        vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::ePostMultiplied,
+        vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eInherit,
+    };
+    for (const auto &compositeAlphaFlag : compositeAlphaFlags) {
+        if (surfCapabilities.supportedCompositeAlpha & compositeAlphaFlag) {
+            compositeAlpha = compositeAlphaFlag;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    const vk::SwapchainCreateFlagsKHR swapchain_create_flags =
+        protected_output ? vk::SwapchainCreateFlagBitsKHR::eProtected : vk::SwapchainCreateFlagsKHR{};
+    auto swapchain_return = device.createSwapchainKHR(vk::SwapchainCreateInfoKHR()
+                                                          .setSurface(surface)
+                                                          .setMinImageCount(desiredNumOfSwapchainImages)
+                                                          .setImageFormat(format)
+                                                          .setImageColorSpace(color_space)
+                                                          .setImageExtent({swapchainExtent.width, swapchainExtent.height})
+                                                          .setImageArrayLayers(1)
+                                                          .setImageUsage(vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eColorAttachment)
+                                                          .setImageSharingMode(vk::SharingMode::eExclusive)
+                                                          .setPreTransform(preTransform)
+                                                          .setCompositeAlpha(compositeAlpha)
+                                                          .setPresentMode(swapchainPresentMode)
+                                                          .setClipped(true)
+                                                          .setOldSwapchain(oldSwapchain)
+                                                          .setFlags(swapchain_create_flags));
+    VERIFY(swapchain_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    swapchain = swapchain_return.value;
+
+    // If we just re-created an existing swapchain, we should destroy the
+    // old
+    // swapchain at this point.
+    // Note: destroying the swapchain also cleans up all its associated
+    // presentable images once the platform is done with them.
+    if (oldSwapchain) {
+        device.destroySwapchainKHR(oldSwapchain);
+    }
+
+    auto swapchain_images_return = device.getSwapchainImagesKHR(swapchain);
+    VERIFY(swapchain_images_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    swapchain_resources.resize(swapchain_images_return.value.size());
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchain_resources.size(); ++i) {
+        auto color_image_view = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo()
+                                    .setViewType(vk::ImageViewType::e2D)
+                                    .setFormat(format)
+                                    .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1));
+
+        swapchain_resources[i].image = swapchain_images_return.value[i];
+
+        color_image_view.image = swapchain_resources[i].image;
+
+        auto image_view_return = device.createImageView(color_image_view);
+        VERIFY(image_view_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+        swapchain_resources[i].view = image_view_return.value;
+    }
+
+    // Create semaphores to synchronize acquiring presentable buffers before
+    // rendering and waiting for drawing to be complete before presenting
+    auto const semaphoreCreateInfo = vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo();
+
+    for (auto &swapchain_resource : swapchain_resources) {
+        auto result = device.createSemaphore(&semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &swapchain_resource.draw_complete_semaphore);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        if (separate_present_queue) {
+            result = device.createSemaphore(&semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &swapchain_resource.image_ownership_semaphore);
+            VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+        }
+    }
+
+    prepare_depth();
+    prepare_framebuffers();
+    swapchain_ready = true;
+    first_swapchain_frame = true;
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_cube_data_buffers() {
+    mat4x4 VP;
+    mat4x4_mul(VP, projection_matrix, view_matrix);
+
+    mat4x4 MVP;
+    mat4x4_mul(MVP, VP, model_matrix);
+
+    vktexcube_vs_uniform data;
+    memcpy(data.mvp, MVP, sizeof(MVP));
+    //    dumpMatrix("MVP", MVP)
+
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < 12 * 3; i++) {
+        data.position[i][0] = g_vertex_buffer_data[i * 3];
+        data.position[i][1] = g_vertex_buffer_data[i * 3 + 1];
+        data.position[i][2] = g_vertex_buffer_data[i * 3 + 2];
+        data.position[i][3] = 1.0f;
+        data.attr[i][0] = g_uv_buffer_data[2 * i];
+        data.attr[i][1] = g_uv_buffer_data[2 * i + 1];
+        data.attr[i][2] = 0;
+        data.attr[i][3] = 0;
+    }
+
+    auto const buf_info = vk::BufferCreateInfo().setSize(sizeof(data)).setUsage(vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eUniformBuffer);
+
+    for (auto &submission_resource : submission_resources) {
+        auto result = device.createBuffer(&buf_info, nullptr, &submission_resource.uniform_buffer);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        vk::MemoryRequirements mem_reqs;
+        device.getBufferMemoryRequirements(submission_resource.uniform_buffer, &mem_reqs);
+
+        auto mem_alloc = vk::MemoryAllocateInfo().setAllocationSize(mem_reqs.size).setMemoryTypeIndex(0);
+
+        bool const pass = memory_type_from_properties(
+            mem_reqs.memoryTypeBits, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent,
+            mem_alloc.memoryTypeIndex);
+        VERIFY(pass);
+
+        result = device.allocateMemory(&mem_alloc, nullptr, &submission_resource.uniform_memory);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        result = device.mapMemory(submission_resource.uniform_memory, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE, vk::MemoryMapFlags(),
+                                  &submission_resource.uniform_memory_ptr);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        memcpy(submission_resource.uniform_memory_ptr, &data, sizeof data);
+
+        result = device.bindBufferMemory(submission_resource.uniform_buffer, submission_resource.uniform_memory, 0);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_depth() {
+    depth.format = vk::Format::eD16Unorm;
+
+    auto const image = vk::ImageCreateInfo()
+                           .setImageType(vk::ImageType::e2D)
+                           .setFormat(depth.format)
+                           .setExtent({width, height, 1})
+                           .setMipLevels(1)
+                           .setArrayLayers(1)
+                           .setSamples(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1)
+                           .setTiling(vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal)
+                           .setUsage(vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachment)
+                           .setSharingMode(vk::SharingMode::eExclusive)
+                           .setInitialLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined);
+
+    auto result = device.createImage(&image, nullptr, &depth.image);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    vk::MemoryRequirements mem_reqs;
+    device.getImageMemoryRequirements(depth.image, &mem_reqs);
+
+    depth.mem_alloc.setAllocationSize(mem_reqs.size);
+    depth.mem_alloc.setMemoryTypeIndex(0);
+
+    auto const pass = memory_type_from_properties(mem_reqs.memoryTypeBits, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal,
+                                                  depth.mem_alloc.memoryTypeIndex);
+    VERIFY(pass);
+
+    result = device.allocateMemory(&depth.mem_alloc, nullptr, &depth.mem);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    result = device.bindImageMemory(depth.image, depth.mem, 0);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    auto view = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo()
+                    .setImage(depth.image)
+                    .setViewType(vk::ImageViewType::e2D)
+                    .setFormat(depth.format)
+                    .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth, 0, 1, 0, 1));
+    if (force_errors) {
+        // Intentionally force a bad pNext value to generate a validation layer error
+        view.pNext = &image;
+    }
+    result = device.createImageView(&view, nullptr, &depth.view);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_descriptor_layout() {
+    std::array<vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding, 2> const layout_bindings = {
+        vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding()
+            .setBinding(0)
+            .setDescriptorType(vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer)
+            .setDescriptorCount(1)
+            .setStageFlags(vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex)
+            .setPImmutableSamplers(nullptr),
+        vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding()
+            .setBinding(1)
+            .setDescriptorType(vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler)
+            .setDescriptorCount(texture_count)
+            .setStageFlags(vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment)
+            .setPImmutableSamplers(nullptr)};
+
+    auto const descriptor_layout = vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo().setBindings(layout_bindings);
+
+    auto result = device.createDescriptorSetLayout(&descriptor_layout, nullptr, &desc_layout);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    auto const pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo = vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo().setSetLayouts(desc_layout);
+
+    result = device.createPipelineLayout(&pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipeline_layout);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_descriptor_pool() {
+    std::array<vk::DescriptorPoolSize, 2> const poolSizes = {
+        vk::DescriptorPoolSize()
+            .setType(vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer)
+            .setDescriptorCount(static_cast<uint32_t>(submission_resources.size())),
+        vk::DescriptorPoolSize()
+            .setType(vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler)
+            .setDescriptorCount(static_cast<uint32_t>(submission_resources.size()) * texture_count)};
+
+    auto const descriptor_pool =
+        vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo().setMaxSets(static_cast<uint32_t>(submission_resources.size())).setPoolSizes(poolSizes);
+
+    auto result = device.createDescriptorPool(&descriptor_pool, nullptr, &desc_pool);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_descriptor_set() {
+    auto const alloc_info = vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo().setDescriptorPool(desc_pool).setSetLayouts(desc_layout);
+
+    auto buffer_info = vk::DescriptorBufferInfo().setOffset(0).setRange(sizeof(vktexcube_vs_uniform));
+
+    std::array<vk::DescriptorImageInfo, texture_count> tex_descs;
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < texture_count; i++) {
+        tex_descs[i].setSampler(textures[i].sampler);
+        tex_descs[i].setImageView(textures[i].view);
+        tex_descs[i].setImageLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal);
+    }
+
+    std::array<vk::WriteDescriptorSet, 2> writes;
+    writes[0].setDescriptorCount(1).setDescriptorType(vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer).setPBufferInfo(&buffer_info);
+    writes[1]
+        .setDstBinding(1)
+        .setDescriptorCount(texture_count)
+        .setDescriptorType(vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler)
+        .setImageInfo(tex_descs);
+
+    for (auto &submission_resource : submission_resources) {
+        auto result = device.allocateDescriptorSets(&alloc_info, &submission_resource.descriptor_set);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        buffer_info.setBuffer(submission_resource.uniform_buffer);
+        writes[0].setDstSet(submission_resource.descriptor_set);
+        writes[1].setDstSet(submission_resource.descriptor_set);
+        device.updateDescriptorSets(writes, {});
+    }
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_framebuffers() {
+    std::array<vk::ImageView, 2> attachments;
+    attachments[1] = depth.view;
+
+    for (auto &swapchain_image_resource : swapchain_resources) {
+        attachments[0] = swapchain_image_resource.view;
+        auto const framebuffer_return = device.createFramebuffer(vk::FramebufferCreateInfo()
+                                                                     .setRenderPass(render_pass)
+                                                                     .setAttachments(attachments)
+                                                                     .setWidth(width)
+                                                                     .setHeight(height)
+                                                                     .setLayers(1));
+        VERIFY(framebuffer_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+        swapchain_image_resource.framebuffer = framebuffer_return.value;
+    }
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_submission_sync_objects() {
+    // Create semaphores to synchronize acquiring presentable buffers before
+    // rendering and waiting for drawing to be complete before presenting
+    auto const semaphoreCreateInfo = vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo();
+
+    // Create fences that we can use to throttle if we get too far
+    // ahead of the image presents
+    auto const fence_ci = vk::FenceCreateInfo().setFlags(vk::FenceCreateFlagBits::eSignaled);
+    for (auto &submission_resource : submission_resources) {
+        vk::Result result = device.createFence(&fence_ci, nullptr, &submission_resource.fence);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        result = device.createSemaphore(&semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &submission_resource.image_acquired_semaphore);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+}
+
+vk::ShaderModule Demo::prepare_fs() {
+    const uint32_t fragShaderCode[] = {
+#ifdef CUBE_FRAG_INC
+#include CUBE_FRAG_INC
+#else
+#include "cube.frag.inc"
+#endif
+    };
+
+    frag_shader_module = prepare_shader_module(fragShaderCode, sizeof(fragShaderCode));
+
+    return frag_shader_module;
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_pipeline() {
+    vk::PipelineCacheCreateInfo const pipelineCacheInfo;
+    auto result = device.createPipelineCache(&pipelineCacheInfo, nullptr, &pipelineCache);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    std::array<vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo, 2> const shaderStageInfo = {
+        vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo().setStage(vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex).setModule(prepare_vs()).setPName("main"),
+        vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo().setStage(vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment).setModule(prepare_fs()).setPName("main")};
+
+    vk::PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo const vertexInputInfo;
+
+    auto const inputAssemblyInfo = vk::PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo().setTopology(vk::PrimitiveTopology::eTriangleList);
+
+    // TODO: Where are pViewports and pScissors set?
+    auto const viewportInfo = vk::PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo().setViewportCount(1).setScissorCount(1);
+
+    auto const rasterizationInfo = vk::PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo()
+                                       .setDepthClampEnable(VK_FALSE)
+                                       .setRasterizerDiscardEnable(VK_FALSE)
+                                       .setPolygonMode(vk::PolygonMode::eFill)
+                                       .setCullMode(vk::CullModeFlagBits::eBack)
+                                       .setFrontFace(vk::FrontFace::eCounterClockwise)
+                                       .setDepthBiasEnable(VK_FALSE)
+                                       .setLineWidth(1.0f);
+
+    auto const multisampleInfo = vk::PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo();
+
+    auto const stencilOp =
+        vk::StencilOpState().setFailOp(vk::StencilOp::eKeep).setPassOp(vk::StencilOp::eKeep).setCompareOp(vk::CompareOp::eAlways);
+
+    auto const depthStencilInfo = vk::PipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo()
+                                      .setDepthTestEnable(VK_TRUE)
+                                      .setDepthWriteEnable(VK_TRUE)
+                                      .setDepthCompareOp(vk::CompareOp::eLessOrEqual)
+                                      .setDepthBoundsTestEnable(VK_FALSE)
+                                      .setStencilTestEnable(VK_FALSE)
+                                      .setFront(stencilOp)
+                                      .setBack(stencilOp);
+
+    std::array<vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState, 1> const colorBlendAttachments = {
+        vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState().setColorWriteMask(vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eR | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eG |
+                                                                  vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eB | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eA)};
+
+    auto const colorBlendInfo = vk::PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo().setAttachments(colorBlendAttachments);
+
+    std::array<vk::DynamicState, 2> const dynamicStates = {vk::DynamicState::eViewport, vk::DynamicState::eScissor};
+
+    auto const dynamicStateInfo = vk::PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo().setDynamicStates(dynamicStates);
+
+    auto pipline_return = device.createGraphicsPipelines(pipelineCache, vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo()
+                                                                            .setStages(shaderStageInfo)
+                                                                            .setPVertexInputState(&vertexInputInfo)
+                                                                            .setPInputAssemblyState(&inputAssemblyInfo)
+                                                                            .setPViewportState(&viewportInfo)
+                                                                            .setPRasterizationState(&rasterizationInfo)
+                                                                            .setPMultisampleState(&multisampleInfo)
+                                                                            .setPDepthStencilState(&depthStencilInfo)
+                                                                            .setPColorBlendState(&colorBlendInfo)
+                                                                            .setPDynamicState(&dynamicStateInfo)
+                                                                            .setLayout(pipeline_layout)
+                                                                            .setRenderPass(render_pass));
+    VERIFY(pipline_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    pipeline = pipline_return.value.at(0);
+
+    device.destroyShaderModule(frag_shader_module);
+    device.destroyShaderModule(vert_shader_module);
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_render_pass() {
+    // The initial layout for the color and depth attachments will be LAYOUT_UNDEFINED
+    // because at the start of the renderpass, we don't care about their contents.
+    // At the start of the subpass, the color attachment's layout will be transitioned
+    // to LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL and the depth stencil attachment's layout
+    // will be transitioned to LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL.  At the end of
+    // the renderpass, the color attachment's layout will be transitioned to
+    // LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR to be ready to present.  This is all done as part of
+    // the renderpass, no barriers are necessary.
+    std::array<vk::AttachmentDescription, 2> const attachments = {
+        vk::AttachmentDescription()
+            .setFormat(format)
+            .setSamples(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1)
+            .setLoadOp(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eClear)
+            .setStoreOp(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eStore)
+            .setStencilLoadOp(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eDontCare)
+            .setStencilStoreOp(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare)
+            .setInitialLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined)
+            .setFinalLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR),
+        vk::AttachmentDescription()
+            .setFormat(depth.format)
+            .setSamples(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1)
+            .setLoadOp(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eClear)
+            .setStoreOp(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare)
+            .setStencilLoadOp(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eDontCare)
+            .setStencilStoreOp(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare)
+            .setInitialLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined)
+            .setFinalLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal)};
+
+    auto const color_reference = vk::AttachmentReference().setAttachment(0).setLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal);
+
+    auto const depth_reference =
+        vk::AttachmentReference().setAttachment(1).setLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal);
+
+    auto const subpass = vk::SubpassDescription()
+                             .setPipelineBindPoint(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics)
+                             .setColorAttachments(color_reference)
+                             .setPDepthStencilAttachment(&depth_reference);
+
+    vk::PipelineStageFlags stages = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eEarlyFragmentTests | vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eLateFragmentTests;
+    std::array<vk::SubpassDependency, 2> const dependencies = {
+        vk::SubpassDependency()  // Depth buffer is shared between swapchain images
+            .setSrcSubpass(VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL)
+            .setDstSubpass(0)
+            .setSrcStageMask(stages)
+            .setDstStageMask(stages)
+            .setSrcAccessMask(vk::AccessFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachmentWrite)
+            .setDstAccessMask(vk::AccessFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachmentRead | vk::AccessFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachmentWrite)
+            .setDependencyFlags(vk::DependencyFlags()),
+        vk::SubpassDependency()  // Image layout transition
+            .setSrcSubpass(VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL)
+            .setDstSubpass(0)
+            .setSrcStageMask(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput)
+            .setDstStageMask(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput)
+            .setSrcAccessMask(vk::AccessFlagBits())
+            .setDstAccessMask(vk::AccessFlagBits::eColorAttachmentWrite | vk::AccessFlagBits::eColorAttachmentRead)
+            .setDependencyFlags(vk::DependencyFlags()),
+    };
+
+    const auto render_pass_result = device.createRenderPass(
+        vk::RenderPassCreateInfo().setAttachments(attachments).setSubpasses(subpass).setDependencies(dependencies));
+    VERIFY(render_pass_result.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    render_pass = render_pass_result.value;
+}
+
+vk::ShaderModule Demo::prepare_shader_module(const uint32_t *code, size_t size) {
+    const auto shader_module_return = device.createShaderModule(vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo().setCodeSize(size).setPCode(code));
+    VERIFY(shader_module_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    return shader_module_return.value;
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_texture_buffer(const char *filename, texture_object &tex_obj) {
+    vk::SubresourceLayout tex_layout;
+
+    if (!loadTexture(filename, nullptr, tex_layout, tex_obj.tex_width, tex_obj.tex_height)) {
+        ERR_EXIT("Failed to load textures", "Load Texture Failure");
+    }
+
+    auto const buffer_create_info = vk::BufferCreateInfo()
+                                        .setSize(tex_obj.tex_width * tex_obj.tex_height * 4)
+                                        .setUsage(vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc)
+                                        .setSharingMode(vk::SharingMode::eExclusive);
+
+    auto result = device.createBuffer(&buffer_create_info, nullptr, &tex_obj.buffer);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    vk::MemoryRequirements mem_reqs;
+    device.getBufferMemoryRequirements(tex_obj.buffer, &mem_reqs);
+
+    tex_obj.mem_alloc.setAllocationSize(mem_reqs.size);
+    tex_obj.mem_alloc.setMemoryTypeIndex(0);
+
+    vk::MemoryPropertyFlags requirements = vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent;
+    auto pass = memory_type_from_properties(mem_reqs.memoryTypeBits, requirements, tex_obj.mem_alloc.memoryTypeIndex);
+    VERIFY(pass == true);
+
+    result = device.allocateMemory(&tex_obj.mem_alloc, nullptr, &(tex_obj.mem));
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    result = device.bindBufferMemory(tex_obj.buffer, tex_obj.mem, 0);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    vk::SubresourceLayout layout;
+    layout.rowPitch = tex_obj.tex_width * 4;
+    auto data = device.mapMemory(tex_obj.mem, 0, tex_obj.mem_alloc.allocationSize);
+    VERIFY(data.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    if (!loadTexture(filename, (uint8_t *)data.value, layout, tex_obj.tex_width, tex_obj.tex_height)) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error loading texture: %s\n", filename);
+    }
+
+    device.unmapMemory(tex_obj.mem);
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_texture_image(const char *filename, texture_object &tex_obj, vk::ImageTiling tiling, vk::ImageUsageFlags usage,
+                                 vk::MemoryPropertyFlags required_props) {
+    vk::SubresourceLayout tex_layout;
+    if (!loadTexture(filename, nullptr, tex_layout, tex_obj.tex_width, tex_obj.tex_height)) {
+        ERR_EXIT("Failed to load textures", "Load Texture Failure");
+    }
+
+    auto const image_create_info = vk::ImageCreateInfo()
+                                       .setImageType(vk::ImageType::e2D)
+                                       .setFormat(vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Srgb)
+                                       .setExtent({tex_obj.tex_width, tex_obj.tex_height, 1})
+                                       .setMipLevels(1)
+                                       .setArrayLayers(1)
+                                       .setSamples(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1)
+                                       .setTiling(tiling)
+                                       .setUsage(usage)
+                                       .setSharingMode(vk::SharingMode::eExclusive)
+                                       .setInitialLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePreinitialized);
+
+    auto result = device.createImage(&image_create_info, nullptr, &tex_obj.image);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    vk::MemoryRequirements mem_reqs;
+    device.getImageMemoryRequirements(tex_obj.image, &mem_reqs);
+
+    tex_obj.mem_alloc.setAllocationSize(mem_reqs.size);
+    tex_obj.mem_alloc.setMemoryTypeIndex(0);
+
+    auto pass = memory_type_from_properties(mem_reqs.memoryTypeBits, required_props, tex_obj.mem_alloc.memoryTypeIndex);
+    VERIFY(pass == true);
+
+    result = device.allocateMemory(&tex_obj.mem_alloc, nullptr, &tex_obj.mem);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    result = device.bindImageMemory(tex_obj.image, tex_obj.mem, 0);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    if (required_props & vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible) {
+        auto const subres = vk::ImageSubresource().setAspectMask(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor).setMipLevel(0).setArrayLayer(0);
+        vk::SubresourceLayout layout;
+        device.getImageSubresourceLayout(tex_obj.image, &subres, &layout);
+
+        auto data = device.mapMemory(tex_obj.mem, 0, tex_obj.mem_alloc.allocationSize);
+        VERIFY(data.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        if (!loadTexture(filename, (uint8_t *)data.value, layout, tex_obj.tex_width, tex_obj.tex_height)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Error loading texture: %s\n", filename);
+        }
+
+        device.unmapMemory(tex_obj.mem);
+    }
+
+    tex_obj.imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal;
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_textures() {
+    vk::Format const tex_format = vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Srgb;
+    vk::FormatProperties props;
+    gpu.getFormatProperties(tex_format, &props);
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < texture_count; i++) {
+        if ((props.linearTilingFeatures & vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eSampledImage) && !use_staging_buffer) {
+            /* Device can texture using linear textures */
+            prepare_texture_image(tex_files[i], textures[i], vk::ImageTiling::eLinear, vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled,
+                                  vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent);
+            // Nothing in the pipeline needs to be complete to start, and don't allow fragment
+            // shader to run until layout transition completes
+            set_image_layout(textures[i].image, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, vk::ImageLayout::ePreinitialized,
+                             textures[i].imageLayout, vk::AccessFlagBits(), vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTopOfPipe,
+                             vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eFragmentShader);
+            staging_texture.image = vk::Image();
+        } else if (props.optimalTilingFeatures & vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eSampledImage) {
+            /* Must use staging buffer to copy linear texture to optimized */
+
+            prepare_texture_buffer(tex_files[i], staging_texture);
+
+            prepare_texture_image(tex_files[i], textures[i], vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
+                                  vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled,
+                                  vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal);
+
+            set_image_layout(textures[i].image, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, vk::ImageLayout::ePreinitialized,
+                             vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, vk::AccessFlagBits(), vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTopOfPipe,
+                             vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer);
+
+            auto const subresource = vk::ImageSubresourceLayers()
+                                         .setAspectMask(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor)
+                                         .setMipLevel(0)
+                                         .setBaseArrayLayer(0)
+                                         .setLayerCount(1);
+
+            auto const copy_region = vk::BufferImageCopy()
+                                         .setBufferOffset(0)
+                                         .setBufferRowLength(staging_texture.tex_width)
+                                         .setBufferImageHeight(staging_texture.tex_height)
+                                         .setImageSubresource(subresource)
+                                         .setImageOffset({0, 0, 0})
+                                         .setImageExtent({staging_texture.tex_width, staging_texture.tex_height, 1});
+
+            cmd.copyBufferToImage(staging_texture.buffer, textures[i].image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, 1, &copy_region);
+
+            set_image_layout(textures[i].image, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal,
+                             textures[i].imageLayout, vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer,
+                             vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eFragmentShader);
+        } else {
+            assert(false && "No support for R8G8B8A8_SRGB as texture image format");
+        }
+
+        auto const samplerInfo = vk::SamplerCreateInfo()
+                                     .setMagFilter(vk::Filter::eNearest)
+                                     .setMinFilter(vk::Filter::eNearest)
+                                     .setMipmapMode(vk::SamplerMipmapMode::eNearest)
+                                     .setAddressModeU(vk::SamplerAddressMode::eClampToEdge)
+                                     .setAddressModeV(vk::SamplerAddressMode::eClampToEdge)
+                                     .setAddressModeW(vk::SamplerAddressMode::eClampToEdge)
+                                     .setMipLodBias(0.0f)
+                                     .setAnisotropyEnable(VK_FALSE)
+                                     .setMaxAnisotropy(1)
+                                     .setCompareEnable(VK_FALSE)
+                                     .setCompareOp(vk::CompareOp::eNever)
+                                     .setMinLod(0.0f)
+                                     .setMaxLod(0.0f)
+                                     .setBorderColor(vk::BorderColor::eFloatOpaqueWhite)
+                                     .setUnnormalizedCoordinates(VK_FALSE);
+
+        auto result = device.createSampler(&samplerInfo, nullptr, &textures[i].sampler);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        auto const viewInfo = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo()
+                                  .setImage(textures[i].image)
+                                  .setViewType(vk::ImageViewType::e2D)
+                                  .setFormat(tex_format)
+                                  .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1));
+
+        result = device.createImageView(&viewInfo, nullptr, &textures[i].view);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+}
+
+vk::ShaderModule Demo::prepare_vs() {
+    const uint32_t vertShaderCode[] = {
+#ifdef CUBE_VERT_INC
+#include CUBE_VERT_INC
+#else
+#include "cube.vert.inc"
+#endif
+    };
+
+    vert_shader_module = prepare_shader_module(vertShaderCode, sizeof(vertShaderCode));
+
+    return vert_shader_module;
+}
+
+void Demo::resize() {
+    // Don't react to resize until after first initialization.
+    if (!initialized) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // Don't do anything if the surface has zero size, as vulkan disallows creating swapchains with zero area
+    // We use is_minimized to track this because zero size window usually occurs from minimizing
+    if (width == 0 || height == 0) {
+        is_minimized = true;
+        return;
+    } else {
+        is_minimized = false;
+    }
+
+    // In order to properly resize the window, we must re-create the
+    // swapchain
+    //
+    // First, destroy the old swapchain and its associated resources, setting swapchain_ready to false to prevent draw from
+    // running
+    if (swapchain_ready) {
+        swapchain_ready = false;
+        auto result = device.waitIdle();
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        device.destroyImageView(depth.view);
+        device.destroyImage(depth.image);
+        device.freeMemory(depth.mem);
+        depth = {};
+
+        for (auto &swapchain_resource : swapchain_resources) {
+            device.destroyFramebuffer(swapchain_resource.framebuffer);
+            device.destroyImageView(swapchain_resource.view);
+            device.destroySemaphore(swapchain_resource.draw_complete_semaphore);
+            if (separate_present_queue) {
+                device.destroySemaphore(swapchain_resource.image_ownership_semaphore);
+            }
+        }
+        swapchain_resources.clear();
+    }
+    // Second, recreate the swapchain, depth buffer, and framebuffers.
+    prepare_swapchain();
+}
+
+void Demo::set_image_layout(vk::Image image, vk::ImageAspectFlags aspectMask, vk::ImageLayout oldLayout, vk::ImageLayout newLayout,
+                            vk::AccessFlags srcAccessMask, vk::PipelineStageFlags src_stages, vk::PipelineStageFlags dest_stages) {
+    assert(cmd);
+
+    auto DstAccessMask = [](vk::ImageLayout const &layout) {
+        vk::AccessFlags flags;
+
+        switch (layout) {
+            case vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal:
+                // Make sure anything that was copying from this image has
+                // completed
+                flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite;
+                break;
+            case vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal:
+                flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eColorAttachmentWrite;
+                break;
+            case vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal:
+                flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachmentWrite;
+                break;
+            case vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal:
+                // Make sure any Copy or CPU writes to image are flushed
+                flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eShaderRead | vk::AccessFlagBits::eInputAttachmentRead;
+                break;
+            case vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal:
+                flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferRead;
+                break;
+            case vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR:
+                flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eMemoryRead;
+                break;
+            default:
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return flags;
+    };
+
+    cmd.pipelineBarrier(src_stages, dest_stages, vk::DependencyFlagBits(), {}, {},
+                        vk::ImageMemoryBarrier()
+                            .setSrcAccessMask(srcAccessMask)
+                            .setDstAccessMask(DstAccessMask(newLayout))
+                            .setOldLayout(oldLayout)
+                            .setNewLayout(newLayout)
+                            .setSrcQueueFamilyIndex(VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED)
+                            .setDstQueueFamilyIndex(VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED)
+                            .setImage(image)
+                            .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(aspectMask, 0, 1, 0, 1)));
+}
+
+void Demo::update_data_buffer(void *uniform_memory_ptr) {
+    mat4x4 VP;
+    mat4x4_mul(VP, projection_matrix, view_matrix);
+
+    // Rotate around the Y axis
+    mat4x4 Model;
+    mat4x4_dup(Model, model_matrix);
+    mat4x4_rotate_Y(model_matrix, Model, static_cast<float>(degreesToRadians(spin_angle)));
+    mat4x4_orthonormalize(model_matrix, model_matrix);
+
+    mat4x4 MVP;
+    mat4x4_mul(MVP, VP, model_matrix);
+
+    memcpy(uniform_memory_ptr, (const void *)&MVP[0][0], sizeof(MVP));
+}
+
+/* Convert ppm image data from header file into RGBA texture image */
+#ifdef TEXTURE_PPM_H
+#include TEXTURE_PPM_H
+#else
+#include "lunarg.ppm.h"
+#endif
+bool Demo::loadTexture(const char *filename, uint8_t *rgba_data, vk::SubresourceLayout &layout, uint32_t &width, uint32_t &height) {
+    (void)filename;
+    char *cPtr;
+    cPtr = (char *)lunarg_ppm;
+    if ((unsigned char *)cPtr >= (lunarg_ppm + lunarg_ppm_len) || strncmp(cPtr, "P6\n", 3)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    while (strncmp(cPtr++, "\n", 1));
+    sscanf(cPtr, "%u %u", &width, &height);
+    if (rgba_data == nullptr) {
+        return true;
+    }
+    while (strncmp(cPtr++, "\n", 1));
+    if ((unsigned char *)cPtr >= (lunarg_ppm + lunarg_ppm_len) || strncmp(cPtr, "255\n", 4)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    while (strncmp(cPtr++, "\n", 1));
+    for (uint32_t y = 0; y < height; y++) {
+        uint8_t *rowPtr = rgba_data;
+        for (uint32_t x = 0; x < width; x++) {
+            memcpy(rowPtr, cPtr, 3);
+            rowPtr[3] = 255; /* Alpha of 1 */
+            rowPtr += 4;
+            cPtr += 3;
+        }
+        rgba_data += layout.rowPitch;
+    }
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool Demo::memory_type_from_properties(uint32_t typeBits, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags requirements_mask, uint32_t &typeIndex) {
+    // Search memtypes to find first index with those properties
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < VK_MAX_MEMORY_TYPES; i++) {
+        if ((typeBits & 1) == 1) {
+            // Type is available, does it match user properties?
+            if ((memory_properties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & requirements_mask) == requirements_mask) {
+                typeIndex = i;
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        typeBits >>= 1;
+    }
+
+    // No memory types matched, return failure
+    return false;
+}
+
+vk::SurfaceFormatKHR Demo::pick_surface_format(const std::vector<vk::SurfaceFormatKHR> &surface_formats) {
+    // Prefer non-SRGB formats...
+    for (const auto &surface_format : surface_formats) {
+        const vk::Format format = surface_format.format;
+
+        if (format == vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm || format == vk::Format::eB8G8R8A8Unorm ||
+            format == vk::Format::eA2B10G10R10UnormPack32 || format == vk::Format::eA2R10G10B10UnormPack32 ||
+            format == vk::Format::eA1R5G5B5UnormPack16 || format == vk::Format::eR5G6B5UnormPack16 ||
+            format == vk::Format::eR16G16B16A16Sfloat) {
+            return surface_format;
+        }
+    }
+
+    printf("Can't find our preferred formats... Falling back to first exposed format. Rendering may be incorrect.\n");
+
+    assert(surface_formats.size() >= 1);
+    return surface_formats[0];
+}
+
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
+template <>
+void Demo::run<WsiPlatform::win32>() {
+    if (!initialized || !swapchain_ready) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    draw();
+    if (!is_minimized) {
+        curFrame++;
+    }
+
+    if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
+        PostQuitMessage(validation_error);
+    }
+}
+
+template <>
+void Demo::create_window<WsiPlatform::win32>() {
+    WNDCLASSEX win_class;
+
+    // Initialize the window class structure:
+    win_class.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
+    win_class.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
+    win_class.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
+    win_class.cbClsExtra = 0;
+    win_class.cbWndExtra = 0;
+    win_class.hInstance = connection;  // hInstance
+    win_class.hIcon = LoadIcon(nullptr, IDI_APPLICATION);
+    win_class.hCursor = LoadCursor(nullptr, IDC_ARROW);
+    win_class.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
+    win_class.lpszMenuName = nullptr;
+    win_class.lpszClassName = name.c_str();
+    win_class.hIconSm = LoadIcon(nullptr, IDI_WINLOGO);
+
+    // Register window class:
+    if (!RegisterClassEx(&win_class)) {
+        // It didn't work, so try to give a useful error:
+        printf("Unexpected error trying to start the application!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    // Create window with the registered class:
+    RECT wr = {0, 0, static_cast<LONG>(width), static_cast<LONG>(height)};
+    AdjustWindowRect(&wr, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, FALSE);
+    window = CreateWindowEx(0,
+                            name.c_str(),          // class name
+                            name.c_str(),          // app name
+                            WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW |  // window style
+                                WS_VISIBLE | WS_SYSMENU,
+                            100, 100,            // x/y coords
+                            wr.right - wr.left,  // width
+                            wr.bottom - wr.top,  // height
+                            nullptr,             // handle to parent
+                            nullptr,             // handle to menu
+                            connection,          // hInstance
+                            nullptr);            // no extra parameters
+
+    if (!window) {
+        // It didn't work, so try to give a useful error:
+        printf("Cannot create a window in which to draw!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    // Window client area size must be at least 1 pixel high, to prevent
+    // crash.
+    minsize.x = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXMINTRACK);
+    minsize.y = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYMINTRACK) + 1;
+}
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+
+template <>
+void Demo::create_window<WsiPlatform::xlib>() {
+    const char *display_envar = getenv("DISPLAY");
+    if (display_envar == nullptr || display_envar[0] == '\0') {
+        printf("Environment variable DISPLAY requires a valid value.\nExiting ...\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    XInitThreads();
+    xlib_display = XOpenDisplay(nullptr);
+    long visualMask = VisualScreenMask;
+    int numberOfVisuals;
+    XVisualInfo vInfoTemplate = {};
+    vInfoTemplate.screen = DefaultScreen(xlib_display);
+    XVisualInfo *visualInfo = XGetVisualInfo(xlib_display, visualMask, &vInfoTemplate, &numberOfVisuals);
+
+    Colormap colormap =
+        XCreateColormap(xlib_display, RootWindow(xlib_display, vInfoTemplate.screen), visualInfo->visual, AllocNone);
+
+    XSetWindowAttributes windowAttributes = {};
+    windowAttributes.colormap = colormap;
+    windowAttributes.background_pixel = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+    windowAttributes.border_pixel = 0;
+    windowAttributes.event_mask = KeyPressMask | KeyReleaseMask | StructureNotifyMask | ExposureMask;
+
+    xlib_window =
+        XCreateWindow(xlib_display, RootWindow(xlib_display, vInfoTemplate.screen), 0, 0, width, height, 0, visualInfo->depth,
+                      InputOutput, visualInfo->visual, CWBackPixel | CWBorderPixel | CWEventMask | CWColormap, &windowAttributes);
+
+    XSelectInput(xlib_display, xlib_window, ExposureMask | KeyPressMask);
+    XMapWindow(xlib_display, xlib_window);
+    XFlush(xlib_display);
+    xlib_wm_delete_window = XInternAtom(xlib_display, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW", False);
+    XSetWMProtocols(xlib_display, xlib_window, &xlib_wm_delete_window, 1);
+}
+
+void Demo::handle_xlib_event(const XEvent *event) {
+    switch (event->type) {
+        case ClientMessage:
+            if ((Atom)event->xclient.data.l[0] == xlib_wm_delete_window) {
+                quit = true;
+            }
+            break;
+        case KeyPress:
+            switch (event->xkey.keycode) {
+                case 0x9:  // Escape
+                    quit = true;
+                    break;
+                case 0x71:  // left arrow key
+                    spin_angle -= spin_increment;
+                    break;
+                case 0x72:  // right arrow key
+                    spin_angle += spin_increment;
+                    break;
+                case 0x41:  // space bar
+                    pause = !pause;
+                    break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case ConfigureNotify:
+            if (((int32_t)width != event->xconfigure.width) || ((int32_t)height != event->xconfigure.height)) {
+                width = event->xconfigure.width;
+                height = event->xconfigure.height;
+                resize();
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+template <>
+void Demo::run<WsiPlatform::xlib>() {
+    while (!quit) {
+        XEvent event;
+
+        if (pause) {
+            XNextEvent(xlib_display, &event);
+            handle_xlib_event(&event);
+        }
+        while (XPending(xlib_display) > 0) {
+            XNextEvent(xlib_display, &event);
+            handle_xlib_event(&event);
+        }
+        if (initialized && swapchain_ready) {
+            draw();
+            if (!is_minimized) {
+                curFrame++;
+            }
+
+            if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
+                quit = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+
+void Demo::handle_xcb_event(const xcb_generic_event_t *event) {
+    uint8_t event_code = event->response_type & 0x7f;
+    switch (event_code) {
+        case XCB_EXPOSE:
+            // TODO: Resize window
+            break;
+        case XCB_CLIENT_MESSAGE:
+            if ((*(xcb_client_message_event_t *)event).data.data32[0] == (*atom_wm_delete_window).atom) {
+                quit = true;
+            }
+            break;
+        case XCB_KEY_RELEASE: {
+            const xcb_key_release_event_t *key = (const xcb_key_release_event_t *)event;
+
+            switch (key->detail) {
+                case 0x9:  // Escape
+                    quit = true;
+                    break;
+                case 0x71:  // left arrow key
+                    spin_angle -= spin_increment;
+                    break;
+                case 0x72:  // right arrow key
+                    spin_angle += spin_increment;
+                    break;
+                case 0x41:  // space bar
+                    pause = !pause;
+                    break;
+            }
+        } break;
+        case XCB_CONFIGURE_NOTIFY: {
+            const xcb_configure_notify_event_t *cfg = (const xcb_configure_notify_event_t *)event;
+            if ((width != cfg->width) || (height != cfg->height)) {
+                width = cfg->width;
+                height = cfg->height;
+                resize();
+            }
+        } break;
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+template <>
+void Demo::run<WsiPlatform::xcb>() {
+    xcb_flush(connection);
+
+    while (!quit) {
+        xcb_generic_event_t *event;
+
+        if (pause) {
+            event = xcb_wait_for_event(connection);
+        } else {
+            event = xcb_poll_for_event(connection);
+        }
+        while (event) {
+            handle_xcb_event(event);
+            free(event);
+            event = xcb_poll_for_event(connection);
+        }
+        if (initialized && swapchain_ready) {
+            draw();
+            if (!is_minimized) {
+                curFrame++;
+            }
+            if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
+                quit = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <>
+void Demo::create_window<WsiPlatform::xcb>() {
+    uint32_t value_mask, value_list[32];
+
+    xcb_window = xcb_generate_id(connection);
+
+    value_mask = XCB_CW_BACK_PIXEL | XCB_CW_EVENT_MASK;
+    value_list[0] = screen->black_pixel;
+    value_list[1] = XCB_EVENT_MASK_KEY_RELEASE | XCB_EVENT_MASK_EXPOSURE | XCB_EVENT_MASK_STRUCTURE_NOTIFY;
+
+    xcb_create_window(connection, XCB_COPY_FROM_PARENT, xcb_window, screen->root, 0, 0, width, height, 0,
+                      XCB_WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT, screen->root_visual, value_mask, value_list);
+
+    /* Magic code that will send notification when window is destroyed */
+    xcb_intern_atom_cookie_t cookie = xcb_intern_atom(connection, 1, 12, "WM_PROTOCOLS");
+    xcb_intern_atom_reply_t *reply = xcb_intern_atom_reply(connection, cookie, 0);
+
+    xcb_intern_atom_cookie_t cookie2 = xcb_intern_atom(connection, 0, 16, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW");
+    atom_wm_delete_window = xcb_intern_atom_reply(connection, cookie2, 0);
+
+    xcb_change_property(connection, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE, xcb_window, (*reply).atom, 4, 32, 1, &(*atom_wm_delete_window).atom);
+
+    free(reply);
+
+    xcb_map_window(connection, xcb_window);
+
+    // Force the x/y coordinates to 100,100 results are identical in
+    // consecutive
+    // runs
+    std::array<uint32_t, 2> const coords = {100, 100};
+    xcb_configure_window(connection, xcb_window, XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_X | XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_Y, coords.data());
+}
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+
+template <>
+void Demo::run<WsiPlatform::wayland>() {
+    while (!quit) {
+        if (pause) {
+            wl_display_dispatch(wayland_display);
+        } else {
+            wl_display_dispatch_pending(wayland_display);
+            if (initialized && swapchain_ready) {
+                draw();
+                if (!is_minimized) {
+                    curFrame++;
+                }
+                if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
+                    quit = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void handle_surface_configure(void *data, xdg_surface *xdg_surface, uint32_t serial) {
+    Demo &demo = *static_cast<Demo *>(data);
+    xdg_surface_ack_configure(xdg_surface, serial);
+    demo.xdg_surface_has_been_configured = true;
+    if (demo.pending_width > 0) {
+        demo.width = demo.pending_width;
+    }
+    if (demo.pending_height > 0) {
+        demo.height = demo.pending_height;
+    }
+    demo.resize();
+}
+
+static const xdg_surface_listener surface_listener = {handle_surface_configure};
+
+static void handle_toplevel_configure(void *data, xdg_toplevel *xdg_toplevel, int32_t width, int32_t height,
+                                      struct wl_array *states) {
+    Demo &demo = *static_cast<Demo *>(data);
+    /* zero values imply the program may choose its own size, so in that case
+     * stay with the existing value (which on startup is the default) */
+    if (width > 0) {
+        demo.pending_width = static_cast<uint32_t>(width);
+    }
+    if (height > 0) {
+        demo.pending_height = static_cast<uint32_t>(height);
+    }
+    // This will be followed by a surface configure
+}
+
+static void handle_toplevel_close(void *data, xdg_toplevel *xdg_toplevel) {
+    Demo &demo = *static_cast<Demo *>(data);
+    demo.quit = true;
+}
+
+static const xdg_toplevel_listener toplevel_listener = {handle_toplevel_configure, handle_toplevel_close};
+
+template <>
+void Demo::create_window<WsiPlatform::wayland>() {
+    if (!wm_base) {
+        printf("Compositor did not provide the standard protocol xdg-wm-base\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    wayland_window = wl_compositor_create_surface(compositor);
+    if (!wayland_window) {
+        printf("Can not create wayland_surface from compositor!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    window_surface = xdg_wm_base_get_xdg_surface(wm_base, wayland_window);
+    if (!window_surface) {
+        printf("Can not get xdg_surface from wayland_surface!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+    window_toplevel = xdg_surface_get_toplevel(window_surface);
+    if (!window_toplevel) {
+        printf("Can not allocate xdg_toplevel for xdg_surface!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+    xdg_surface_add_listener(window_surface, &surface_listener, this);
+    xdg_toplevel_add_listener(window_toplevel, &toplevel_listener, this);
+    xdg_toplevel_set_title(window_toplevel, APP_SHORT_NAME);
+    if (xdg_decoration_mgr) {
+        // if supported, let the compositor render titlebars for us
+        toplevel_decoration = zxdg_decoration_manager_v1_get_toplevel_decoration(xdg_decoration_mgr, window_toplevel);
+        zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1_set_mode(toplevel_decoration, ZXDG_TOPLEVEL_DECORATION_V1_MODE_SERVER_SIDE);
+    }
+
+    wl_surface_commit(wayland_window);
+}
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DIRECTFB_EXT)
+
+void Demo::handle_directfb_event(const DFBInputEvent *event) {
+    if (event->type != DIET_KEYPRESS) return;
+    switch (event->key_symbol) {
+        case DIKS_ESCAPE:  // Escape
+            quit = true;
+            break;
+        case DIKS_CURSOR_LEFT:  // left arrow key
+            spin_angle -= spin_increment;
+            break;
+        case DIKS_CURSOR_RIGHT:  // right arrow key
+            spin_angle += spin_increment;
+            break;
+        case DIKS_SPACE:  // space bar
+            pause = !pause;
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+template <>
+void Demo::run<WsiPlatform::directfb>() {
+    while (!quit) {
+        DFBInputEvent event;
+
+        if (pause) {
+            event_buffer->WaitForEvent(event_buffer);
+            if (!event_buffer->GetEvent(event_buffer, DFB_EVENT(&event))) handle_directfb_event(&event);
+        } else {
+            if (!event_buffer->GetEvent(event_buffer, DFB_EVENT(&event))) handle_directfb_event(&event);
+            if (initialized && swapchain_ready) {
+                draw();
+                if (!is_minimized) {
+                    curFrame++;
+                }
+                if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
+                    quit = true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <>
+void Demo::create_window<WsiPlatform::directfb>() {
+    DFBResult ret;
+
+    ret = DirectFBInit(nullptr, nullptr);
+    if (ret) {
+        printf("DirectFBInit failed to initialize DirectFB!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    ret = DirectFBCreate(&dfb);
+    if (ret) {
+        printf("DirectFBCreate failed to create main interface of DirectFB!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    DFBSurfaceDescription desc;
+    desc.flags = (DFBSurfaceDescriptionFlags)(DSDESC_CAPS | DSDESC_WIDTH | DSDESC_HEIGHT);
+    desc.caps = DSCAPS_PRIMARY;
+    desc.width = width;
+    desc.height = height;
+    ret = dfb->CreateSurface(dfb, &desc, &directfb_window);
+    if (ret) {
+        printf("CreateSurface failed to create DirectFB surface interface!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    ret = dfb->CreateInputEventBuffer(dfb, DICAPS_KEYS, DFB_FALSE, &event_buffer);
+    if (ret) {
+        printf("CreateInputEventBuffer failed to create DirectFB event buffer interface!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+}
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
+template <>
+void Demo::run<WsiPlatform::metal>() {
+    if (!initialized || !swapchain_ready) {
+        return;
+    }
+    draw();
+    if (!is_minimized) {
+        curFrame++;
+    }
+    if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
+        quit = true;
+    }
+}
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
+
+vk::Result Demo::create_display_surface() {
+    auto display_properties_return = gpu.getDisplayPropertiesKHR();
+    VERIFY((display_properties_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess) ||
+           (display_properties_return.result == vk::Result::eIncomplete));
+
+    auto display = display_properties_return.value.at(0).display;
+
+    auto display_mode_props_return = gpu.getDisplayModePropertiesKHR(display);
+    VERIFY(display_mode_props_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    if (display_mode_props_return.value.size() == 0) {
+        printf("Cannot find any mode for the display!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+    auto display_mode_prop = display_mode_props_return.value.at(0);
+
+    // Get the list of planes
+    auto display_plane_props_return = gpu.getDisplayPlanePropertiesKHR();
+    VERIFY(display_plane_props_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    if (display_plane_props_return.value.size() == 0) {
+        printf("Cannot find any plane!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+    auto display_plane_props = display_plane_props_return.value;
+
+    vk::Bool32 found_plane = VK_FALSE;
+    uint32_t plane_found = 0;
+    // Find a plane compatible with the display
+    for (uint32_t plane_index = 0; plane_index < display_plane_props.size(); plane_index++) {
+        // Disqualify planes that are bound to a different display
+        if (display_plane_props[plane_index].currentDisplay && (display_plane_props[plane_index].currentDisplay != display)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        auto display_plane_supported_displays_return = gpu.getDisplayPlaneSupportedDisplaysKHR(plane_index);
+        VERIFY(display_plane_supported_displays_return.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        if (display_plane_supported_displays_return.value.size() == 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        for (const auto &supported_display : display_plane_supported_displays_return.value) {
+            if (supported_display == display) {
+                found_plane = VK_TRUE;
+                plane_found = plane_index;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (found_plane) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!found_plane) {
+        printf("Cannot find a plane compatible with the display!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    vk::DisplayPlaneCapabilitiesKHR planeCaps =
+        gpu.getDisplayPlaneCapabilitiesKHR(display_mode_prop.displayMode, plane_found).value;
+    // Find a supported alpha mode
+    vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR alphaMode = vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque;
+    std::array<vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR, 4> alphaModes = {
+        vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque,
+        vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eGlobal,
+        vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::ePerPixel,
+        vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::ePerPixelPremultiplied,
+    };
+    for (const auto &alpha_mode : alphaModes) {
+        if (planeCaps.supportedAlpha & alpha_mode) {
+            alphaMode = alpha_mode;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    vk::Extent2D image_extent{};
+    image_extent.setWidth(display_mode_prop.parameters.visibleRegion.width)
+        .setHeight(display_mode_prop.parameters.visibleRegion.height);
+
+    auto const createInfo = vk::DisplaySurfaceCreateInfoKHR()
+                                .setDisplayMode(display_mode_prop.displayMode)
+                                .setPlaneIndex(plane_found)
+                                .setPlaneStackIndex(display_plane_props[plane_found].currentStackIndex)
+                                .setGlobalAlpha(1.0f)
+                                .setAlphaMode(alphaMode)
+                                .setImageExtent(image_extent);
+
+    return inst.createDisplayPlaneSurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
+}
+
+template <>
+void Demo::run<WsiPlatform::display>() {
+    while (!quit) {
+        draw();
+        curFrame++;
+
+        if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
+            quit = true;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_SCREEN_QNX)
+#include <sys/keycodes.h>
+
+template <>
+void Demo::run<WsiPlatform::qnx>() {
+    int size[2] = {0, 0};
+    screen_window_t win;
+    int val;
+    int rc;
+
+    while (!quit) {
+        while (!screen_get_event(screen_context, screen_event, pause ? ~0 : 0)) {
+            rc = screen_get_event_property_iv(screen_event, SCREEN_PROPERTY_TYPE, &val);
+            if (rc) {
+                printf("Cannot get SCREEN_PROPERTY_TYPE of the event! (%s)\n", strerror(errno));
+                fflush(stdout);
+                quit = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (val == SCREEN_EVENT_NONE) {
+                break;
+            }
+            switch (val) {
+                case SCREEN_EVENT_KEYBOARD:
+                    rc = screen_get_event_property_iv(screen_event, SCREEN_PROPERTY_FLAGS, &val);
+                    if (rc) {
+                        printf("Cannot get SCREEN_PROPERTY_FLAGS of the event! (%s)\n", strerror(errno));
+                        fflush(stdout);
+                        quit = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    if (val & KEY_DOWN) {
+                        rc = screen_get_event_property_iv(screen_event, SCREEN_PROPERTY_SYM, &val);
+                        if (rc) {
+                            printf("Cannot get SCREEN_PROPERTY_SYM of the event! (%s)\n", strerror(errno));
+                            fflush(stdout);
+                            quit = true;
+                            break;
+                        }
+                        switch (val) {
+                            case KEYCODE_ESCAPE:
+                                quit = true;
+                                break;
+                            case KEYCODE_SPACE:
+                                pause = !pause;
+                                break;
+                            case KEYCODE_LEFT:
+                                spin_angle -= spin_increment;
+                                break;
+                            case KEYCODE_RIGHT:
+                                spin_angle += spin_increment;
+                                break;
+                            default:
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+                case SCREEN_EVENT_PROPERTY:
+                    rc = screen_get_event_property_pv(screen_event, SCREEN_PROPERTY_WINDOW, (void **)&win);
+                    if (rc) {
+                        printf("Cannot get SCREEN_PROPERTY_WINDOW of the event! (%s)\n", strerror(errno));
+                        fflush(stdout);
+                        quit = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    rc = screen_get_event_property_iv(screen_event, SCREEN_PROPERTY_NAME, &val);
+                    if (rc) {
+                        printf("Cannot get SCREEN_PROPERTY_NAME of the event! (%s)\n", strerror(errno));
+                        fflush(stdout);
+                        quit = true;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    if (win == screen_window) {
+                        switch (val) {
+                            case SCREEN_PROPERTY_SIZE:
+                                rc = screen_get_window_property_iv(win, SCREEN_PROPERTY_SIZE, size);
+                                if (rc) {
+                                    printf("Cannot get SCREEN_PROPERTY_SIZE of the window in the event! (%s)\n", strerror(errno));
+                                    fflush(stdout);
+                                    quit = true;
+                                    break;
+                                }
+                                width = size[0];
+                                height = size[1];
+                                resize();
+                                break;
+                            default:
+                                /* We are not interested in any other events for now */
+                                break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (pause || !initialized || !swapchain_ready) {
+        } else {
+            update_data_buffer(submission_resources[current_submission_index].uniform_memory_ptr);
+            draw();
+            if (!is_minimized) {
+                curFrame++;
+            }
+            if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
+                quit = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <>
+void Demo::create_window<WsiPlatform::qnx>() {
+    const char *idstr = APP_SHORT_NAME;
+    int size[2];
+    int usage = SCREEN_USAGE_VULKAN;
+    int rc;
+
+    rc = screen_create_context(&screen_context, 0);
+    if (rc) {
+        printf("Cannot create QNX Screen context!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+    rc = screen_create_window(&screen_window, screen_context);
+    if (rc) {
+        printf("Cannot create QNX Screen window!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+    rc = screen_create_event(&screen_event);
+    if (rc) {
+        printf("Cannot create QNX Screen event!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+    /* Set window caption */
+    screen_set_window_property_cv(screen_window, SCREEN_PROPERTY_ID_STRING, strlen(idstr), idstr);
+
+    /* Setup VULKAN usage flags */
+    rc = screen_set_window_property_iv(screen_window, SCREEN_PROPERTY_USAGE, &usage);
+    if (rc) {
+        printf("Cannot set SCREEN_USAGE_VULKAN flag!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+    }
+
+    /* Setup window size */
+    if ((width == 0) || (height == 0)) {
+        rc = screen_get_window_property_iv(screen_window, SCREEN_PROPERTY_SIZE, size);
+        if (rc) {
+            printf("Cannot obtain current window size!\n");
+            fflush(stdout);
+            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+        width = size[0];
+        height = size[1];
+    } else {
+        size[0] = width;
+        size[1] = height;
+        rc = screen_set_window_property_iv(screen_window, SCREEN_PROPERTY_SIZE, size);
+        if (rc) {
+            printf("Cannot set window size!\n");
+            fflush(stdout);
+            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+    }
+}
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA)
+
+const char *Demo::get_fuchsia_image_pipe_layer() const {
+    switch (wsi_platform) {
+        case (WsiPlatform::fuchsia_display):
+            return "VK_LAYER_FUCHSIA_imagepipe_swapchain_fb";
+        case (WsiPlatform::fuchsia_scenic):
+            return "VK_LAYER_FUCHSIA_imagepipe_swapchain";
+        case (WsiPlatform::auto_):
+            ERR_EXIT("auto WSI platform is not supported on Fuchsia", "get_fuchsia_image_pipe_layer failure");
+        default:
+            ERR_EXIT("Invalid WSI platform", "get_fuchsia_image_pipe_layer failure");
+    }
+}
+
+void Demo::create_window<WsiPlatform::fuchsia_display>() {
+    // Nothing to do
+}
+
+void Demo::create_window<WsiPlatform::fuchsia_scenic>() {
+    if (flatland_view) return;
+
+    zx::result<fidl::ClientEnd<fuchsia_io::Directory> > incoming_result = component::OpenServiceRoot();
+    if (incoming_result.is_error()) {
+        printf("Failed to open incoming directory: %s\n", incoming_result.status_string());
+        ERR_EXIT("Failed to open incoming directory", "create_window<WsiPlatform::fuchsia_scenic> failure");
+    }
+    incoming = std::move(incoming_result).value();
+
+    outgoing = std::make_unique<component::OutgoingDirectory>(loop.dispatcher());
+
+    FlatlandViewProviderService::CreateView2Callback create_view_callback = [this](fuchsia_ui_app::CreateView2Args args) {
+        auto resize_callback = [this](uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {
+            this->width = width;
+            this->height = height;
+            if (initialized) {
+                resize();
+            }
+        };
+
+        flatland_view =
+            FlatlandView::Create(incoming.borrow(), std::move(*args.view_creation_token()), resize_callback, loop.dispatcher());
+        if (!flatland_view) ERR_EXIT("Failed to created FlatlandView", "create_window<WsiPlatform::fuchsia_scenic> failure");
+
+        view_creation_token = flatland_view->TakeChildViewCreationToken();
+    };
+
+    view_provider_service = std::make_unique<FlatlandViewProviderService>(std::move(create_view_callback), loop.dispatcher());
+
+    zx::result<> add_protocol_result = outgoing->AddUnmanagedProtocol<fuchsia_ui_app::ViewProvider>(
+        [view_provider_service = view_provider_service.get()](fidl::ServerEnd<fuchsia_ui_app::ViewProvider> server_end) {
+            view_provider_service->HandleViewProviderRequest(std::move(server_end));
+        });
+    if (add_protocol_result.is_error()) {
+        printf("Failed to add protocol to outgoing directory: %s\n", add_protocol_result.status_string());
+        ERR_EXIT("Failed to add protocol to outgoing directory", "create_window<WsiPlatform::fuchsia_scenic> failure");
+    }
+
+    zx::result<> serve_result = outgoing->ServeFromStartupInfo();
+    if (serve_result.is_error()) {
+        printf("Failed to serve outgoing directory: %s\n", serve_result.status_string());
+        ERR_EXIT("Failed to serve outgoing directory", "create_window<WsiPlatform::fuchsia_scenic> failure");
+    }
+
+    zx_status_t loop_status = ZX_OK;
+
+    // Run message loop until view has been created.
+    while (!quit && !flatland_view && loop_status == ZX_OK) {
+        loop_status = loop.RunUntilIdle();
+    }
+}
+template <>
+void Demo::run<WsiPlatform::fuchsia_display>() {
+    uint32_t num_frames = 60;
+    uint32_t elapsed_frames = 0;
+    static const float kMsPerSec = 1000;
+
+    double total_ms = 0;
+    auto t0 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+
+    while (!quit) {
+        if (wsi_platform == WsiPlatform::fuchsia_scenic) {
+            if (loop.RunUntilIdle() != ZX_OK) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        auto t1 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+        std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli> elapsed = t1 - t0;
+        total_ms += elapsed.count();
+        t0 = t1;
+
+        if (elapsed_frames && (elapsed_frames % num_frames) == 0) {
+            float fps = static_cast<float>(num_frames / (total_ms / kMsPerSec));
+            printf("Framerate average for last %u frames: %f frames per second\n", num_frames, fps);
+            fflush(stdout);
+            total_ms = 0;
+            // attempt to log once per second
+            num_frames = static_cast<uint32_t>(fps);
+            elapsed_frames = 0;
+        }
+        if (initialized && swapchain_ready) {
+            draw();
+
+            if (!is_minimized) {
+                curFrame++;
+            }
+            elapsed_frames++;
+
+            if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
+                quit = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <>
+void Demo::run<WsiPlatform::fuchsia_scenic>() {
+    // Uses the same run function,as fuchsia_display
+    run<WsiPlatform::fuschia_display>();
+}
+
+#endif
+
+#if _WIN32
+// Include header required for parsing the command line options.
+#include <shellapi.h>
+
+Demo demo;
+
+// MS-Windows event handling function:
+LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
+    switch (uMsg) {
+        case WM_CLOSE:
+            PostQuitMessage(validation_error);
+            break;
+        case WM_PAINT:
+            if (!demo.in_callback) {
+                demo.run<WsiPlatform::win32>();
+            }
+            break;
+        case WM_GETMINMAXINFO:  // set window's minimum size
+            ((MINMAXINFO *)lParam)->ptMinTrackSize = demo.minsize;
+            return 0;
+        case WM_ERASEBKGND:
+            return 1;
+        case WM_SIZE:
+            // Resize the application to the new window size, except when
+            // it was minimized. Vulkan doesn't support images or swapchains
+            // with width=0 and height=0.
+            if (wParam != SIZE_MINIMIZED) {
+                demo.width = lParam & 0xffff;
+                demo.height = (lParam & 0xffff0000) >> 16;
+                demo.resize();
+            }
+            break;
+        case WM_KEYDOWN:
+            switch (wParam) {
+                case VK_ESCAPE:
+                    PostQuitMessage(validation_error);
+                    break;
+                case VK_LEFT:
+                    demo.spin_angle -= demo.spin_increment;
+                    break;
+                case VK_RIGHT:
+                    demo.spin_angle += demo.spin_increment;
+                    break;
+                case VK_SPACE:
+                    demo.pause = !demo.pause;
+                    break;
+            }
+            return 0;
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return (DefWindowProc(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam));
+}
+
+int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR pCmdLine, int nCmdShow) {
+    // TODO: Gah.. refactor. This isn't 1989.
+    MSG msg;    // message
+    bool done;  // flag saying when app is complete
+    int argc;
+    char **argv;
+
+    // Ensure wParam is initialized.
+    msg.wParam = 0;
+
+    // Use the CommandLine functions to get the command line arguments.
+    // Unfortunately, Microsoft outputs
+    // this information as wide characters for Unicode, and we simply want the
+    // Ascii version to be compatible
+    // with the non-Windows side.  So, we have to convert the information to
+    // Ascii character strings.
+    LPWSTR *commandLineArgs = CommandLineToArgvW(GetCommandLineW(), &argc);
+    if (nullptr == commandLineArgs) {
+        argc = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (argc > 0) {
+        argv = (char **)malloc(sizeof(char *) * argc);
+        if (argv == nullptr) {
+            argc = 0;
+        } else {
+            for (int iii = 0; iii < argc; iii++) {
+                size_t wideCharLen = wcslen(commandLineArgs[iii]);
+                size_t numConverted = 0;
+
+                argv[iii] = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * (wideCharLen + 1));
+                if (argv[iii] != nullptr) {
+                    wcstombs_s(&numConverted, argv[iii], wideCharLen + 1, commandLineArgs[iii], wideCharLen + 1);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        argv = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    demo.init(argc, argv);
+
+    // Free up the items we had to allocate for the command line arguments.
+    if (argc > 0 && argv != nullptr) {
+        for (int iii = 0; iii < argc; iii++) {
+            if (argv[iii] != nullptr) {
+                free(argv[iii]);
+            }
+        }
+        free(argv);
+    }
+
+    demo.connection = hInstance;
+    demo.name = "Vulkan Cube";
+    demo.create_window<WsiPlatform::win32>();
+    demo.create_surface();
+    demo.select_physical_device();
+    demo.init_vk_swapchain();
+
+    demo.prepare();
+
+    done = false;  // initialize loop condition variable
+
+    // main message loop
+    while (!done) {
+        if (demo.pause) {
+            const BOOL succ = WaitMessage();
+
+            if (!succ) {
+                const auto &suppress_popups = demo.suppress_popups;
+                ERR_EXIT("WaitMessage() failed on paused demo", "event loop error");
+            }
+        }
+
+        PeekMessage(&msg, nullptr, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE);
+        if (msg.message == WM_QUIT)  // check for a quit message
+        {
+            done = true;  // if found, quit app
+        } else {
+            /* Translate and dispatch to event queue*/
+            TranslateMessage(&msg);
+            DispatchMessage(&msg);
+        }
+        RedrawWindow(demo.window, nullptr, nullptr, RDW_INTERNALPAINT);
+    }
+
+    demo.cleanup();
+
+    return static_cast<int>(msg.wParam);
+}
+
+#elif defined(__linux__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__QNX__) || defined(__GNU__) || \
+    defined(__Fuchsia__)
+
+template <WsiPlatform WSI_PLATFORM>
+void Demo::execute() {
+    create_window<WSI_PLATFORM>();
+
+    create_surface();
+
+    select_physical_device();
+
+    init_vk_swapchain();
+
+    prepare();
+
+    run<WSI_PLATFORM>();
+}
+
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
+template <>
+void Demo::execute<WsiPlatform::display>() {
+    select_physical_device();
+
+    create_surface();
+
+    init_vk_swapchain();
+
+    prepare();
+
+    run<WsiPlatform::display>();
+}
+#endif
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+    Demo demo;
+
+    demo.init(argc, argv);
+
+    switch (demo.wsi_platform) {
+        default:
+        case (WsiPlatform::auto_):
+            fprintf(stderr,
+                    "WSI platform should have already been set, indicating a bug. Please set a WSI platform manually with "
+                    "--wsi\n");
+            exit(1);
+            break;
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+        case (WsiPlatform::xcb):
+            demo.execute<WsiPlatform::xcb>();
+            break;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+        case (WsiPlatform::xlib):
+            demo.execute<WsiPlatform::xlib>();
+            break;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+        case (WsiPlatform::wayland):
+            demo.execute<WsiPlatform::wayland>();
+            break;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DIRECTFB_EXT)
+        case (WsiPlatform::directfb):
+            demo.execute<WsiPlatform::directfb>();
+            break;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
+        case (WsiPlatform::display):
+            demo.execute<WsiPlatform::display>();
+            break;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_SCREEN_QNX)
+        case (WsiPlatform::qnx):
+            demo.execute<WsiPlatform::qnx>();
+            break;
+#endif
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_FUCHSIA)
+        case (WsiPlatform::fuchsia_display):
+            demo.execute<WsiPlatform::fuchsia_display>();
+            break;
+        case (WsiPlatform::fuchsia_scenic):
+            demo.execute<WsiPlatform::fuchsia_scenic>();
+            break;
+#endif
+    }
+
+    demo.cleanup();
+
+    return validation_error;
+}
+
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
+
+// Global function invoked from NS or UI views and controllers to create demo
+static void demo_main(Demo &demo, void *caMetalLayer, int argc, const char *argv[]) {
+    demo.init(argc, (char **)argv);
+    demo.caMetalLayer = caMetalLayer;
+    demo.create_surface();
+    demo.select_physical_device();
+    demo.init_vk_swapchain();
+    demo.prepare();
+    demo.spin_angle = 0.4f;
+}
+
+#else
+#error "Platform not supported"
+#endif