cube: Move cube directory up to top level dir

Change-Id: Ie1116b0b6de742b4f85834a4c9d1927dd641e19b

1 files changed, 2996 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/cube/cube.cpp b/cube/cube.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a7218617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/cube/cube.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,2996 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2016 The Khronos Group Inc.
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Valve Corporation
+ * Copyright (c) 2015-2016 LunarG, Inc.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * Author: Jeremy Hayes <jeremy@lunarg.com>
+ */
+
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+#include <X11/Xutil.h>
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+#include <linux/input.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cinttypes>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <csignal>
+#include <memory>
+
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
+#warning "Cubepp does not have code for Mir at this time"
+#endif
+
+#define VULKAN_HPP_NO_SMART_HANDLE
+#define VULKAN_HPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#include <vulkan/vulkan.hpp>
+#include <vulkan/vk_sdk_platform.h>
+
+#include "linmath.h"
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+#define VERIFY(x) assert(x)
+#else
+#define VERIFY(x) ((void)(x))
+#endif
+
+#define APP_SHORT_NAME "cube"
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#define APP_NAME_STR_LEN 80
+#endif
+
+// Allow a maximum of two outstanding presentation operations.
+#define FRAME_LAG 2
+
+#define ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]))
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#define ERR_EXIT(err_msg, err_class)                                          \
+    do {                                                                      \
+        if (!suppress_popups) MessageBox(nullptr, err_msg, err_class, MB_OK); \
+        exit(1);                                                              \
+    } while (0)
+#else
+#define ERR_EXIT(err_msg, err_class) \
+    do {                             \
+        printf("%s\n", err_msg);     \
+        fflush(stdout);              \
+        exit(1);                     \
+    } while (0)
+#endif
+
+struct texture_object {
+    vk::Sampler sampler;
+
+    vk::Image image;
+    vk::ImageLayout imageLayout{vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined};
+
+    vk::MemoryAllocateInfo mem_alloc;
+    vk::DeviceMemory mem;
+    vk::ImageView view;
+
+    int32_t tex_width{0};
+    int32_t tex_height{0};
+};
+
+static char const *const tex_files[] = {"lunarg.ppm"};
+
+static int validation_error = 0;
+
+struct vkcube_vs_uniform {
+    // Must start with MVP
+    float mvp[4][4];
+    float position[12 * 3][4];
+    float color[12 * 3][4];
+};
+
+struct vktexcube_vs_uniform {
+    // Must start with MVP
+    float mvp[4][4];
+    float position[12 * 3][4];
+    float attr[12 * 3][4];
+};
+
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Mesh and VertexFormat Data
+//--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// clang-format off
+static const float g_vertex_buffer_data[] = {
+    -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,  // -X side
+    -1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
+    -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
+    -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
+    -1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
+    -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
+
+    -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,  // -Z side
+     1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
+     1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
+    -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
+    -1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
+     1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
+
+    -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,  // -Y side
+     1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
+     1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
+    -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
+     1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
+    -1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
+
+    -1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,  // +Y side
+    -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
+     1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
+    -1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
+     1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
+     1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
+
+     1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,  // +X side
+     1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
+     1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
+     1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
+     1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
+     1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
+
+    -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,  // +Z side
+    -1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
+     1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
+    -1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
+     1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
+     1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
+};
+
+static const float g_uv_buffer_data[] = {
+    0.0f, 1.0f,  // -X side
+    1.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 0.0f,
+    1.0f, 0.0f,
+    0.0f, 0.0f,
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+
+    1.0f, 1.0f,  // -Z side
+    0.0f, 0.0f,
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 0.0f,
+    0.0f, 0.0f,
+
+    1.0f, 0.0f,  // -Y side
+    1.0f, 1.0f,
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 0.0f,
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+    0.0f, 0.0f,
+
+    1.0f, 0.0f,  // +Y side
+    0.0f, 0.0f,
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 0.0f,
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 1.0f,
+
+    1.0f, 0.0f,  // +X side
+    0.0f, 0.0f,
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 0.0f,
+
+    0.0f, 0.0f,  // +Z side
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 0.0f,
+    0.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 1.0f,
+    1.0f, 0.0f,
+};
+// clang-format on
+
+typedef struct {
+    vk::Image image;
+    vk::CommandBuffer cmd;
+    vk::CommandBuffer graphics_to_present_cmd;
+    vk::ImageView view;
+    vk::Buffer uniform_buffer;
+    vk::DeviceMemory uniform_memory;
+    vk::Framebuffer framebuffer;
+    vk::DescriptorSet descriptor_set;
+} SwapchainImageResources;
+
+struct Demo {
+    Demo();
+    void build_image_ownership_cmd(uint32_t const &);
+    vk::Bool32 check_layers(uint32_t, const char *const *, uint32_t, vk::LayerProperties *);
+    void cleanup();
+    void create_device();
+    void destroy_texture_image(texture_object *);
+    void draw();
+    void draw_build_cmd(vk::CommandBuffer);
+    void flush_init_cmd();
+    void init(int, char **);
+    void init_connection();
+    void init_vk();
+    void init_vk_swapchain();
+    void prepare();
+    void prepare_buffers();
+    void prepare_cube_data_buffers();
+    void prepare_depth();
+    void prepare_descriptor_layout();
+    void prepare_descriptor_pool();
+    void prepare_descriptor_set();
+    void prepare_framebuffers();
+    vk::ShaderModule prepare_shader_module(const uint32_t *, size_t);
+    vk::ShaderModule prepare_vs();
+    vk::ShaderModule prepare_fs();
+    void prepare_pipeline();
+    void prepare_render_pass();
+    void prepare_texture_image(const char *, texture_object *, vk::ImageTiling, vk::ImageUsageFlags, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags);
+    void prepare_textures();
+
+    void resize();
+    void set_image_layout(vk::Image, vk::ImageAspectFlags, vk::ImageLayout, vk::ImageLayout, vk::AccessFlags,
+                          vk::PipelineStageFlags, vk::PipelineStageFlags);
+    void update_data_buffer();
+    bool loadTexture(const char *, uint8_t *, vk::SubresourceLayout *, int32_t *, int32_t *);
+    bool memory_type_from_properties(uint32_t, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags, uint32_t *);
+
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
+    void run();
+    void create_window();
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+    void create_xlib_window();
+    void handle_xlib_event(const XEvent *);
+    void run_xlib();
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+    void handle_xcb_event(const xcb_generic_event_t *);
+    void run_xcb();
+    void create_xcb_window();
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+    void run();
+    void create_window();
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK)
+    void run();
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
+    vk::Result create_display_surface();
+    void run_display();
+#endif
+
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
+    HINSTANCE connection;         // hInstance - Windows Instance
+    HWND window;                  // hWnd - window handle
+    POINT minsize;                // minimum window size
+    char name[APP_NAME_STR_LEN];  // Name to put on the window/icon
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+    Window xlib_window;
+    Atom xlib_wm_delete_window;
+    Display *display;
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+    xcb_window_t xcb_window;
+    xcb_screen_t *screen;
+    xcb_connection_t *connection;
+    xcb_intern_atom_reply_t *atom_wm_delete_window;
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+    wl_display *display;
+    wl_registry *registry;
+    wl_compositor *compositor;
+    wl_surface *window;
+    wl_shell *shell;
+    wl_shell_surface *shell_surface;
+    wl_seat *seat;
+    wl_pointer *pointer;
+    wl_keyboard *keyboard;
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
+#elif (defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK))
+    void *window;
+#endif
+
+    vk::SurfaceKHR surface;
+    bool prepared;
+    bool use_staging_buffer;
+    bool use_xlib;
+    bool separate_present_queue;
+
+    vk::Instance inst;
+    vk::PhysicalDevice gpu;
+    vk::Device device;
+    vk::Queue graphics_queue;
+    vk::Queue present_queue;
+    uint32_t graphics_queue_family_index;
+    uint32_t present_queue_family_index;
+    vk::Semaphore image_acquired_semaphores[FRAME_LAG];
+    vk::Semaphore draw_complete_semaphores[FRAME_LAG];
+    vk::Semaphore image_ownership_semaphores[FRAME_LAG];
+    vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties gpu_props;
+    std::unique_ptr<vk::QueueFamilyProperties[]> queue_props;
+    vk::PhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memory_properties;
+
+    uint32_t enabled_extension_count;
+    uint32_t enabled_layer_count;
+    char const *extension_names[64];
+    char const *enabled_layers[64];
+
+    uint32_t width;
+    uint32_t height;
+    vk::Format format;
+    vk::ColorSpaceKHR color_space;
+
+    uint32_t swapchainImageCount;
+    vk::SwapchainKHR swapchain;
+    std::unique_ptr<SwapchainImageResources[]> swapchain_image_resources;
+    vk::PresentModeKHR presentMode;
+    vk::Fence fences[FRAME_LAG];
+    uint32_t frame_index;
+
+    vk::CommandPool cmd_pool;
+    vk::CommandPool present_cmd_pool;
+
+    struct {
+        vk::Format format;
+        vk::Image image;
+        vk::MemoryAllocateInfo mem_alloc;
+        vk::DeviceMemory mem;
+        vk::ImageView view;
+    } depth;
+
+    static int32_t const texture_count = 1;
+    texture_object textures[texture_count];
+    texture_object staging_texture;
+
+    struct {
+        vk::Buffer buf;
+        vk::MemoryAllocateInfo mem_alloc;
+        vk::DeviceMemory mem;
+        vk::DescriptorBufferInfo buffer_info;
+    } uniform_data;
+
+    vk::CommandBuffer cmd;  // Buffer for initialization commands
+    vk::PipelineLayout pipeline_layout;
+    vk::DescriptorSetLayout desc_layout;
+    vk::PipelineCache pipelineCache;
+    vk::RenderPass render_pass;
+    vk::Pipeline pipeline;
+
+    mat4x4 projection_matrix;
+    mat4x4 view_matrix;
+    mat4x4 model_matrix;
+
+    float spin_angle;
+    float spin_increment;
+    bool pause;
+
+    vk::ShaderModule vert_shader_module;
+    vk::ShaderModule frag_shader_module;
+
+    vk::DescriptorPool desc_pool;
+    vk::DescriptorSet desc_set;
+
+    std::unique_ptr<vk::Framebuffer[]> framebuffers;
+
+    bool quit;
+    uint32_t curFrame;
+    uint32_t frameCount;
+    bool validate;
+    bool use_break;
+    bool suppress_popups;
+
+    uint32_t current_buffer;
+    uint32_t queue_family_count;
+};
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+// MS-Windows event handling function:
+LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
+#endif
+
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+static void handle_ping(void *data, wl_shell_surface *shell_surface, uint32_t serial) {
+    wl_shell_surface_pong(shell_surface, serial);
+}
+
+static void handle_configure(void *data, wl_shell_surface *shell_surface, uint32_t edges, int32_t width, int32_t height) {}
+
+static void handle_popup_done(void *data, wl_shell_surface *shell_surface) {}
+
+static const wl_shell_surface_listener shell_surface_listener = {handle_ping, handle_configure, handle_popup_done};
+
+static void pointer_handle_enter(void *data, struct wl_pointer *pointer, uint32_t serial, struct wl_surface *surface, wl_fixed_t sx,
+                                 wl_fixed_t sy) {}
+
+static void pointer_handle_leave(void *data, struct wl_pointer *pointer, uint32_t serial, struct wl_surface *surface) {}
+
+static void pointer_handle_motion(void *data, struct wl_pointer *pointer, uint32_t time, wl_fixed_t sx, wl_fixed_t sy) {}
+
+static void pointer_handle_button(void *data, struct wl_pointer *wl_pointer, uint32_t serial, uint32_t time, uint32_t button,
+                                  uint32_t state) {
+    Demo *demo = (Demo *)data;
+    if (button == BTN_LEFT && state == WL_POINTER_BUTTON_STATE_PRESSED) {
+        wl_shell_surface_move(demo->shell_surface, demo->seat, serial);
+    }
+}
+
+static void pointer_handle_axis(void *data, struct wl_pointer *wl_pointer, uint32_t time, uint32_t axis, wl_fixed_t value) {}
+
+static const struct wl_pointer_listener pointer_listener = {
+    pointer_handle_enter, pointer_handle_leave, pointer_handle_motion, pointer_handle_button, pointer_handle_axis,
+};
+
+static void keyboard_handle_keymap(void *data, struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t format, int fd, uint32_t size) {}
+
+static void keyboard_handle_enter(void *data, struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial, struct wl_surface *surface,
+                                  struct wl_array *keys) {}
+
+static void keyboard_handle_leave(void *data, struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial, struct wl_surface *surface) {}
+
+static void keyboard_handle_key(void *data, struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial, uint32_t time, uint32_t key,
+                                uint32_t state) {
+    if (state != WL_KEYBOARD_KEY_STATE_RELEASED) return;
+    Demo *demo = (Demo *)data;
+    switch (key) {
+        case KEY_ESC:  // Escape
+            demo->quit = true;
+            break;
+        case KEY_LEFT:  // left arrow key
+            demo->spin_angle -= demo->spin_increment;
+            break;
+        case KEY_RIGHT:  // right arrow key
+            demo->spin_angle += demo->spin_increment;
+            break;
+        case KEY_SPACE:  // space bar
+            demo->pause = !demo->pause;
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+static void keyboard_handle_modifiers(void *data, wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial, uint32_t mods_depressed,
+                                      uint32_t mods_latched, uint32_t mods_locked, uint32_t group) {}
+
+static const struct wl_keyboard_listener keyboard_listener = {
+    keyboard_handle_keymap, keyboard_handle_enter, keyboard_handle_leave, keyboard_handle_key, keyboard_handle_modifiers,
+};
+
+static void seat_handle_capabilities(void *data, wl_seat *seat, uint32_t caps) {
+    // Subscribe to pointer events
+    Demo *demo = (Demo *)data;
+    if ((caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_POINTER) && !demo->pointer) {
+        demo->pointer = wl_seat_get_pointer(seat);
+        wl_pointer_add_listener(demo->pointer, &pointer_listener, demo);
+    } else if (!(caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_POINTER) && demo->pointer) {
+        wl_pointer_destroy(demo->pointer);
+        demo->pointer = NULL;
+    }
+    // Subscribe to keyboard events
+    if (caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_KEYBOARD) {
+        demo->keyboard = wl_seat_get_keyboard(seat);
+        wl_keyboard_add_listener(demo->keyboard, &keyboard_listener, demo);
+    } else if (!(caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_KEYBOARD)) {
+        wl_keyboard_destroy(demo->keyboard);
+        demo->keyboard = NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+static const wl_seat_listener seat_listener = {
+    seat_handle_capabilities,
+};
+
+static void registry_handle_global(void *data, wl_registry *registry, uint32_t id, const char *interface, uint32_t version) {
+    Demo *demo = (Demo *)data;
+    // pickup wayland objects when they appear
+    if (strcmp(interface, "wl_compositor") == 0) {
+        demo->compositor = (wl_compositor *)wl_registry_bind(registry, id, &wl_compositor_interface, 1);
+    } else if (strcmp(interface, "wl_shell") == 0) {
+        demo->shell = (wl_shell *)wl_registry_bind(registry, id, &wl_shell_interface, 1);
+    } else if (strcmp(interface, "wl_seat") == 0) {
+        demo->seat = (wl_seat *)wl_registry_bind(registry, id, &wl_seat_interface, 1);
+        wl_seat_add_listener(demo->seat, &seat_listener, demo);
+    }
+}
+
+static void registry_handle_global_remove(void *data, wl_registry *registry, uint32_t name) {}
+
+static const wl_registry_listener registry_listener = {registry_handle_global, registry_handle_global_remove};
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
+#endif
+
+Demo::Demo()
+    :
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
+      connection{nullptr},
+      window{nullptr},
+      minsize(POINT{0, 0}),  // Use explicit construction to avoid MSVC error C2797.
+#endif
+
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+      xlib_window{0},
+      xlib_wm_delete_window{0},
+      display{nullptr},
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+      xcb_window{0},
+      screen{nullptr},
+      connection{nullptr},
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+      display{nullptr},
+      registry{nullptr},
+      compositor{nullptr},
+      window{nullptr},
+      shell{nullptr},
+      shell_surface{nullptr},
+      seat{nullptr},
+      pointer{nullptr},
+      keyboard{nullptr},
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
+#endif
+      prepared{false},
+      use_staging_buffer{false},
+      use_xlib{false},
+      graphics_queue_family_index{0},
+      present_queue_family_index{0},
+      enabled_extension_count{0},
+      enabled_layer_count{0},
+      width{0},
+      height{0},
+      swapchainImageCount{0},
+      frame_index{0},
+      spin_angle{0.0f},
+      spin_increment{0.0f},
+      pause{false},
+      quit{false},
+      curFrame{0},
+      frameCount{0},
+      validate{false},
+      use_break{false},
+      suppress_popups{false},
+      current_buffer{0},
+      queue_family_count{0} {
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
+    memset(name, '\0', APP_NAME_STR_LEN);
+#endif
+    memset(projection_matrix, 0, sizeof(projection_matrix));
+    memset(view_matrix, 0, sizeof(view_matrix));
+    memset(model_matrix, 0, sizeof(model_matrix));
+}
+
+void Demo::build_image_ownership_cmd(uint32_t const &i) {
+    auto const cmd_buf_info = vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo().setFlags(vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eSimultaneousUse);
+    auto result = swapchain_image_resources[i].graphics_to_present_cmd.begin(&cmd_buf_info);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    auto const image_ownership_barrier =
+        vk::ImageMemoryBarrier()
+            .setSrcAccessMask(vk::AccessFlags())
+            .setDstAccessMask(vk::AccessFlagBits::eColorAttachmentWrite)
+            .setOldLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR)
+            .setNewLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR)
+            .setSrcQueueFamilyIndex(graphics_queue_family_index)
+            .setDstQueueFamilyIndex(present_queue_family_index)
+            .setImage(swapchain_image_resources[i].image)
+            .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1));
+
+    swapchain_image_resources[i].graphics_to_present_cmd.pipelineBarrier(
+        vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput,
+        vk::DependencyFlagBits(), 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &image_ownership_barrier);
+
+    result = swapchain_image_resources[i].graphics_to_present_cmd.end();
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+}
+
+vk::Bool32 Demo::check_layers(uint32_t check_count, char const *const *const check_names, uint32_t layer_count,
+                              vk::LayerProperties *layers) {
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < check_count; i++) {
+        vk::Bool32 found = VK_FALSE;
+        for (uint32_t j = 0; j < layer_count; j++) {
+            if (!strcmp(check_names[i], layers[j].layerName)) {
+                found = VK_TRUE;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!found) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Cannot find layer: %s\n", check_names[i]);
+            return 0;
+        }
+    }
+    return VK_TRUE;
+}
+
+void Demo::cleanup() {
+    prepared = false;
+    device.waitIdle();
+
+    // Wait for fences from present operations
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < FRAME_LAG; i++) {
+        device.waitForFences(1, &fences[i], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
+        device.destroyFence(fences[i], nullptr);
+        device.destroySemaphore(image_acquired_semaphores[i], nullptr);
+        device.destroySemaphore(draw_complete_semaphores[i], nullptr);
+        if (separate_present_queue) {
+            device.destroySemaphore(image_ownership_semaphores[i], nullptr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
+        device.destroyFramebuffer(swapchain_image_resources[i].framebuffer, nullptr);
+    }
+    device.destroyDescriptorPool(desc_pool, nullptr);
+
+    device.destroyPipeline(pipeline, nullptr);
+    device.destroyPipelineCache(pipelineCache, nullptr);
+    device.destroyRenderPass(render_pass, nullptr);
+    device.destroyPipelineLayout(pipeline_layout, nullptr);
+    device.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(desc_layout, nullptr);
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < texture_count; i++) {
+        device.destroyImageView(textures[i].view, nullptr);
+        device.destroyImage(textures[i].image, nullptr);
+        device.freeMemory(textures[i].mem, nullptr);
+        device.destroySampler(textures[i].sampler, nullptr);
+    }
+    device.destroySwapchainKHR(swapchain, nullptr);
+
+    device.destroyImageView(depth.view, nullptr);
+    device.destroyImage(depth.image, nullptr);
+    device.freeMemory(depth.mem, nullptr);
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
+        device.destroyImageView(swapchain_image_resources[i].view, nullptr);
+        device.freeCommandBuffers(cmd_pool, 1, &swapchain_image_resources[i].cmd);
+        device.destroyBuffer(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_buffer, nullptr);
+        device.freeMemory(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_memory, nullptr);
+    }
+
+    device.destroyCommandPool(cmd_pool, nullptr);
+
+    if (separate_present_queue) {
+        device.destroyCommandPool(present_cmd_pool, nullptr);
+    }
+    device.waitIdle();
+    device.destroy(nullptr);
+    inst.destroySurfaceKHR(surface, nullptr);
+
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+    XDestroyWindow(display, xlib_window);
+    XCloseDisplay(display);
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+    xcb_destroy_window(connection, xcb_window);
+    xcb_disconnect(connection);
+    free(atom_wm_delete_window);
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+    wl_keyboard_destroy(keyboard);
+    wl_pointer_destroy(pointer);
+    wl_seat_destroy(seat);
+    wl_shell_surface_destroy(shell_surface);
+    wl_surface_destroy(window);
+    wl_shell_destroy(shell);
+    wl_compositor_destroy(compositor);
+    wl_registry_destroy(registry);
+    wl_display_disconnect(display);
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
+#endif
+
+    inst.destroy(nullptr);
+}
+
+void Demo::create_device() {
+    float const priorities[1] = {0.0};
+
+    vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo queues[2];
+    queues[0].setQueueFamilyIndex(graphics_queue_family_index);
+    queues[0].setQueueCount(1);
+    queues[0].setPQueuePriorities(priorities);
+
+    auto deviceInfo = vk::DeviceCreateInfo()
+                          .setQueueCreateInfoCount(1)
+                          .setPQueueCreateInfos(queues)
+                          .setEnabledLayerCount(0)
+                          .setPpEnabledLayerNames(nullptr)
+                          .setEnabledExtensionCount(enabled_extension_count)
+                          .setPpEnabledExtensionNames((const char *const *)extension_names)
+                          .setPEnabledFeatures(nullptr);
+
+    if (separate_present_queue) {
+        queues[1].setQueueFamilyIndex(present_queue_family_index);
+        queues[1].setQueueCount(1);
+        queues[1].setPQueuePriorities(priorities);
+        deviceInfo.setQueueCreateInfoCount(2);
+    }
+
+    auto result = gpu.createDevice(&deviceInfo, nullptr, &device);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+}
+
+void Demo::destroy_texture_image(texture_object *tex_objs) {
+    // clean up staging resources
+    device.freeMemory(tex_objs->mem, nullptr);
+    device.destroyImage(tex_objs->image, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Demo::draw() {
+    // Ensure no more than FRAME_LAG renderings are outstanding
+    device.waitForFences(1, &fences[frame_index], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
+    device.resetFences(1, &fences[frame_index]);
+
+    vk::Result result;
+    do {
+        result =
+            device.acquireNextImageKHR(swapchain, UINT64_MAX, image_acquired_semaphores[frame_index], vk::Fence(), &current_buffer);
+        if (result == vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR) {
+            // demo->swapchain is out of date (e.g. the window was resized) and
+            // must be recreated:
+            resize();
+        } else if (result == vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR) {
+            // swapchain is not as optimal as it could be, but the platform's
+            // presentation engine will still present the image correctly.
+            break;
+        } else {
+            VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+        }
+    } while (result != vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    update_data_buffer();
+
+    // Wait for the image acquired semaphore to be signaled to ensure
+    // that the image won't be rendered to until the presentation
+    // engine has fully released ownership to the application, and it is
+    // okay to render to the image.
+    vk::PipelineStageFlags const pipe_stage_flags = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput;
+    auto const submit_info = vk::SubmitInfo()
+                                 .setPWaitDstStageMask(&pipe_stage_flags)
+                                 .setWaitSemaphoreCount(1)
+                                 .setPWaitSemaphores(&image_acquired_semaphores[frame_index])
+                                 .setCommandBufferCount(1)
+                                 .setPCommandBuffers(&swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].cmd)
+                                 .setSignalSemaphoreCount(1)
+                                 .setPSignalSemaphores(&draw_complete_semaphores[frame_index]);
+
+    result = graphics_queue.submit(1, &submit_info, fences[frame_index]);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    if (separate_present_queue) {
+        // If we are using separate queues, change image ownership to the
+        // present queue before presenting, waiting for the draw complete
+        // semaphore and signalling the ownership released semaphore when
+        // finished
+        auto const present_submit_info = vk::SubmitInfo()
+                                             .setPWaitDstStageMask(&pipe_stage_flags)
+                                             .setWaitSemaphoreCount(1)
+                                             .setPWaitSemaphores(&draw_complete_semaphores[frame_index])
+                                             .setCommandBufferCount(1)
+                                             .setPCommandBuffers(&swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].graphics_to_present_cmd)
+                                             .setSignalSemaphoreCount(1)
+                                             .setPSignalSemaphores(&image_ownership_semaphores[frame_index]);
+
+        result = present_queue.submit(1, &present_submit_info, vk::Fence());
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+
+    // If we are using separate queues we have to wait for image ownership,
+    // otherwise wait for draw complete
+    auto const presentInfo = vk::PresentInfoKHR()
+                                 .setWaitSemaphoreCount(1)
+                                 .setPWaitSemaphores(separate_present_queue ? &image_ownership_semaphores[frame_index]
+                                                                            : &draw_complete_semaphores[frame_index])
+                                 .setSwapchainCount(1)
+                                 .setPSwapchains(&swapchain)
+                                 .setPImageIndices(&current_buffer);
+
+    result = present_queue.presentKHR(&presentInfo);
+    frame_index += 1;
+    frame_index %= FRAME_LAG;
+    if (result == vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR) {
+        // swapchain is out of date (e.g. the window was resized) and
+        // must be recreated:
+        resize();
+    } else if (result == vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR) {
+        // swapchain is not as optimal as it could be, but the platform's
+        // presentation engine will still present the image correctly.
+    } else {
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+}
+
+void Demo::draw_build_cmd(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer) {
+    auto const commandInfo = vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo().setFlags(vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eSimultaneousUse);
+
+    vk::ClearValue const clearValues[2] = {vk::ClearColorValue(std::array<float, 4>({{0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f}})),
+                                           vk::ClearDepthStencilValue(1.0f, 0u)};
+
+    auto const passInfo = vk::RenderPassBeginInfo()
+                              .setRenderPass(render_pass)
+                              .setFramebuffer(swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].framebuffer)
+                              .setRenderArea(vk::Rect2D(vk::Offset2D(0, 0), vk::Extent2D((uint32_t)width, (uint32_t)height)))
+                              .setClearValueCount(2)
+                              .setPClearValues(clearValues);
+
+    auto result = commandBuffer.begin(&commandInfo);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    commandBuffer.beginRenderPass(&passInfo, vk::SubpassContents::eInline);
+    commandBuffer.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, pipeline);
+    commandBuffer.bindDescriptorSets(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, pipeline_layout, 0, 1,
+                                     &swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].descriptor_set, 0, nullptr);
+
+    auto const viewport =
+        vk::Viewport().setWidth((float)width).setHeight((float)height).setMinDepth((float)0.0f).setMaxDepth((float)1.0f);
+    commandBuffer.setViewport(0, 1, &viewport);
+
+    vk::Rect2D const scissor(vk::Offset2D(0, 0), vk::Extent2D(width, height));
+    commandBuffer.setScissor(0, 1, &scissor);
+    commandBuffer.draw(12 * 3, 1, 0, 0);
+    // Note that ending the renderpass changes the image's layout from
+    // COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL to PRESENT_SRC_KHR
+    commandBuffer.endRenderPass();
+
+    if (separate_present_queue) {
+        // We have to transfer ownership from the graphics queue family to
+        // the
+        // present queue family to be able to present.  Note that we don't
+        // have
+        // to transfer from present queue family back to graphics queue
+        // family at
+        // the start of the next frame because we don't care about the
+        // image's
+        // contents at that point.
+        auto const image_ownership_barrier =
+            vk::ImageMemoryBarrier()
+                .setSrcAccessMask(vk::AccessFlags())
+                .setDstAccessMask(vk::AccessFlagBits::eColorAttachmentWrite)
+                .setOldLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR)
+                .setNewLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR)
+                .setSrcQueueFamilyIndex(graphics_queue_family_index)
+                .setDstQueueFamilyIndex(present_queue_family_index)
+                .setImage(swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].image)
+                .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1));
+
+        commandBuffer.pipelineBarrier(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eBottomOfPipe,
+                                      vk::DependencyFlagBits(), 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &image_ownership_barrier);
+    }
+
+    result = commandBuffer.end();
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+}
+
+void Demo::flush_init_cmd() {
+    // TODO: hmm.
+    // This function could get called twice if the texture uses a staging
+    // buffer
+    // In that case the second call should be ignored
+    if (!cmd) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    auto result = cmd.end();
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    auto const fenceInfo = vk::FenceCreateInfo();
+    vk::Fence fence;
+    result = device.createFence(&fenceInfo, nullptr, &fence);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    vk::CommandBuffer const commandBuffers[] = {cmd};
+    auto const submitInfo = vk::SubmitInfo().setCommandBufferCount(1).setPCommandBuffers(commandBuffers);
+
+    result = graphics_queue.submit(1, &submitInfo, fence);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    result = device.waitForFences(1, &fence, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    device.freeCommandBuffers(cmd_pool, 1, commandBuffers);
+    device.destroyFence(fence, nullptr);
+
+    cmd = vk::CommandBuffer();
+}
+
+void Demo::init(int argc, char **argv) {
+    vec3 eye = {0.0f, 3.0f, 5.0f};
+    vec3 origin = {0, 0, 0};
+    vec3 up = {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0};
+
+    presentMode = vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo;
+    frameCount = UINT32_MAX;
+    use_xlib = false;
+
+    for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+        if (strcmp(argv[i], "--use_staging") == 0) {
+            use_staging_buffer = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if ((strcmp(argv[i], "--present_mode") == 0) && (i < argc - 1)) {
+            presentMode = (vk::PresentModeKHR)atoi(argv[i + 1]);
+            i++;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (strcmp(argv[i], "--break") == 0) {
+            use_break = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (strcmp(argv[i], "--validate") == 0) {
+            validate = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (strcmp(argv[i], "--xlib") == 0) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "--xlib is deprecated and no longer does anything");
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (strcmp(argv[i], "--c") == 0 && frameCount == UINT32_MAX && i < argc - 1 &&
+            sscanf(argv[i + 1], "%" SCNu32, &frameCount) == 1) {
+            i++;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (strcmp(argv[i], "--suppress_popups") == 0) {
+            suppress_popups = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        fprintf(stderr,
+                "Usage:\n  %s [--use_staging] [--validate] [--break] [--c <framecount>] \n"
+                "       [--suppress_popups] [--present_mode {0,1,2,3}]\n"
+                "\n"
+                "Options for --present_mode:\n"
+                "  %d: VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR\n"
+                "  %d: VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR\n"
+                "  %d: VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR (default)\n"
+                "  %d: VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR\n",
+                APP_SHORT_NAME, VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR, VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR, VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR,
+                VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR);
+        fflush(stderr);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    if (!use_xlib) {
+        init_connection();
+    }
+
+    init_vk();
+
+    width = 500;
+    height = 500;
+
+    spin_angle = 4.0f;
+    spin_increment = 0.2f;
+    pause = false;
+
+    mat4x4_perspective(projection_matrix, (float)degreesToRadians(45.0f), 1.0f, 0.1f, 100.0f);
+    mat4x4_look_at(view_matrix, eye, origin, up);
+    mat4x4_identity(model_matrix);
+
+    projection_matrix[1][1] *= -1;  // Flip projection matrix from GL to Vulkan orientation.
+}
+
+void Demo::init_connection() {
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+    const xcb_setup_t *setup;
+    xcb_screen_iterator_t iter;
+    int scr;
+
+    const char *display_envar = getenv("DISPLAY");
+    if (display_envar == nullptr || display_envar[0] == '\0') {
+        printf("Environment variable DISPLAY requires a valid value.\nExiting ...\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    connection = xcb_connect(nullptr, &scr);
+    if (xcb_connection_has_error(connection) > 0) {
+        printf(
+            "Cannot find a compatible Vulkan installable client driver "
+            "(ICD).\nExiting ...\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    setup = xcb_get_setup(connection);
+    iter = xcb_setup_roots_iterator(setup);
+    while (scr-- > 0) xcb_screen_next(&iter);
+
+    screen = iter.data;
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+    display = wl_display_connect(nullptr);
+
+    if (display == nullptr) {
+        printf("Cannot find a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD).\nExiting ...\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    registry = wl_display_get_registry(display);
+    wl_registry_add_listener(registry, &registry_listener, this);
+    wl_display_dispatch(display);
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
+#endif
+}
+
+void Demo::init_vk() {
+    uint32_t instance_extension_count = 0;
+    uint32_t instance_layer_count = 0;
+    uint32_t validation_layer_count = 0;
+    char const *const *instance_validation_layers = nullptr;
+    enabled_extension_count = 0;
+    enabled_layer_count = 0;
+
+    char const *const instance_validation_layers_alt1[] = {"VK_LAYER_LUNARG_standard_validation"};
+
+    char const *const instance_validation_layers_alt2[] = {"VK_LAYER_GOOGLE_threading", "VK_LAYER_LUNARG_parameter_validation",
+                                                           "VK_LAYER_LUNARG_object_tracker", "VK_LAYER_LUNARG_core_validation",
+                                                           "VK_LAYER_GOOGLE_unique_objects"};
+
+    // Look for validation layers
+    vk::Bool32 validation_found = VK_FALSE;
+    if (validate) {
+        auto result = vk::enumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&instance_layer_count, nullptr);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        instance_validation_layers = instance_validation_layers_alt1;
+        if (instance_layer_count > 0) {
+            std::unique_ptr<vk::LayerProperties[]> instance_layers(new vk::LayerProperties[instance_layer_count]);
+            result = vk::enumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&instance_layer_count, instance_layers.get());
+            VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+            validation_found = check_layers(ARRAY_SIZE(instance_validation_layers_alt1), instance_validation_layers,
+                                            instance_layer_count, instance_layers.get());
+            if (validation_found) {
+                enabled_layer_count = ARRAY_SIZE(instance_validation_layers_alt1);
+                enabled_layers[0] = "VK_LAYER_LUNARG_standard_validation";
+                validation_layer_count = 1;
+            } else {
+                // use alternative set of validation layers
+                instance_validation_layers = instance_validation_layers_alt2;
+                enabled_layer_count = ARRAY_SIZE(instance_validation_layers_alt2);
+                validation_found = check_layers(ARRAY_SIZE(instance_validation_layers_alt2), instance_validation_layers,
+                                                instance_layer_count, instance_layers.get());
+                validation_layer_count = ARRAY_SIZE(instance_validation_layers_alt2);
+                for (uint32_t i = 0; i < validation_layer_count; i++) {
+                    enabled_layers[i] = instance_validation_layers[i];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!validation_found) {
+            ERR_EXIT(
+                "vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties failed to find required validation layer.\n\n"
+                "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
+                "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /* Look for instance extensions */
+    vk::Bool32 surfaceExtFound = VK_FALSE;
+    vk::Bool32 platformSurfaceExtFound = VK_FALSE;
+    memset(extension_names, 0, sizeof(extension_names));
+
+    auto result = vk::enumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &instance_extension_count, nullptr);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    if (instance_extension_count > 0) {
+        std::unique_ptr<vk::ExtensionProperties[]> instance_extensions(new vk::ExtensionProperties[instance_extension_count]);
+        result = vk::enumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &instance_extension_count, instance_extensions.get());
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < instance_extension_count; i++) {
+            if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
+                surfaceExtFound = 1;
+                extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
+            }
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
+            if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_WIN32_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
+                platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
+                extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_WIN32_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
+            }
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+            if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
+                platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
+                extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
+            }
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+            if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_XCB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
+                platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
+                extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_XCB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
+            }
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+            if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_WAYLAND_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
+                platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
+                extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_WAYLAND_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
+            }
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
+            if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_DISPLAY_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
+                platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
+                extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_DISPLAY_EXTENSION_NAME;
+            }
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK)
+            if (!strcmp(VK_MVK_IOS_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
+                platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
+                extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_MVK_IOS_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
+            }
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK)
+            if (!strcmp(VK_MVK_MACOS_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
+                platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
+                extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_MVK_MACOS_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
+            }
+
+#endif
+            assert(enabled_extension_count < 64);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!surfaceExtFound) {
+        ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
+                 " extension.\n\n"
+                 "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
+                 "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
+                 "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+    }
+
+    if (!platformSurfaceExtFound) {
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
+        ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_WIN32_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
+                 " extension.\n\n"
+                 "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
+                 "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
+                 "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+        ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_XCB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
+                 " extension.\n\n"
+                 "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
+                 "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
+                 "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+        ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_WAYLAND_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
+                 " extension.\n\n"
+                 "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
+                 "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
+                 "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+        ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
+                 " extension.\n\n"
+                 "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
+                 "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
+                 "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
+        ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_DISPLAY_EXTENSION_NAME
+                 " extension.\n\n"
+                 "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
+                 "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
+                 "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK)
+        ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_MVK_IOS_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
+                 " extension.\n\nDo you have a compatible "
+                 "Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\nPlease "
+                 "look at the Getting Started guide for additional "
+                 "information.\n",
+                 "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK)
+        ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_MVK_MACOS_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
+                 " extension.\n\nDo you have a compatible "
+                 "Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\nPlease "
+                 "look at the Getting Started guide for additional "
+                 "information.\n",
+                 "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+#endif
+    }
+    auto const app = vk::ApplicationInfo()
+                         .setPApplicationName(APP_SHORT_NAME)
+                         .setApplicationVersion(0)
+                         .setPEngineName(APP_SHORT_NAME)
+                         .setEngineVersion(0)
+                         .setApiVersion(VK_API_VERSION_1_0);
+    auto const inst_info = vk::InstanceCreateInfo()
+                               .setPApplicationInfo(&app)
+                               .setEnabledLayerCount(enabled_layer_count)
+                               .setPpEnabledLayerNames(instance_validation_layers)
+                               .setEnabledExtensionCount(enabled_extension_count)
+                               .setPpEnabledExtensionNames(extension_names);
+
+    result = vk::createInstance(&inst_info, nullptr, &inst);
+    if (result == vk::Result::eErrorIncompatibleDriver) {
+        ERR_EXIT(
+            "Cannot find a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD).\n\n"
+            "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
+            "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+    } else if (result == vk::Result::eErrorExtensionNotPresent) {
+        ERR_EXIT(
+            "Cannot find a specified extension library.\n"
+            "Make sure your layers path is set appropriately.\n",
+            "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+    } else if (result != vk::Result::eSuccess) {
+        ERR_EXIT(
+            "vkCreateInstance failed.\n\n"
+            "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
+            "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
+            "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+    }
+
+    /* Make initial call to query gpu_count, then second call for gpu info*/
+    uint32_t gpu_count;
+    result = inst.enumeratePhysicalDevices(&gpu_count, nullptr);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    if (gpu_count > 0) {
+        std::unique_ptr<vk::PhysicalDevice[]> physical_devices(new vk::PhysicalDevice[gpu_count]);
+        result = inst.enumeratePhysicalDevices(&gpu_count, physical_devices.get());
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+        /* For cube demo we just grab the first physical device */
+        gpu = physical_devices[0];
+    } else {
+        ERR_EXIT(
+            "vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices reported zero accessible devices.\n\n"
+            "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
+            "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
+            "vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices Failure");
+    }
+
+    /* Look for device extensions */
+    uint32_t device_extension_count = 0;
+    vk::Bool32 swapchainExtFound = VK_FALSE;
+    enabled_extension_count = 0;
+    memset(extension_names, 0, sizeof(extension_names));
+
+    result = gpu.enumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &device_extension_count, nullptr);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    if (device_extension_count > 0) {
+        std::unique_ptr<vk::ExtensionProperties[]> device_extensions(new vk::ExtensionProperties[device_extension_count]);
+        result = gpu.enumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &device_extension_count, device_extensions.get());
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < device_extension_count; i++) {
+            if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME, device_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
+                swapchainExtFound = 1;
+                extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME;
+            }
+            assert(enabled_extension_count < 64);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!swapchainExtFound) {
+        ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME
+                 " extension.\n\n"
+                 "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
+                 "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
+                 "vkCreateInstance Failure");
+    }
+
+    gpu.getProperties(&gpu_props);
+
+    /* Call with nullptr data to get count */
+    gpu.getQueueFamilyProperties(&queue_family_count, nullptr);
+    assert(queue_family_count >= 1);
+
+    queue_props.reset(new vk::QueueFamilyProperties[queue_family_count]);
+    gpu.getQueueFamilyProperties(&queue_family_count, queue_props.get());
+
+    // Query fine-grained feature support for this device.
+    //  If app has specific feature requirements it should check supported
+    //  features based on this query
+    vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures physDevFeatures;
+    gpu.getFeatures(&physDevFeatures);
+}
+
+void Demo::init_vk_swapchain() {
+// Create a WSI surface for the window:
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
+    {
+        auto const createInfo = vk::Win32SurfaceCreateInfoKHR().setHinstance(connection).setHwnd(window);
+
+        auto result = inst.createWin32SurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+    {
+        auto const createInfo = vk::WaylandSurfaceCreateInfoKHR().setDisplay(display).setSurface(window);
+
+        auto result = inst.createWaylandSurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+    {
+        auto const createInfo = vk::XlibSurfaceCreateInfoKHR().setDpy(display).setWindow(xlib_window);
+
+        auto result = inst.createXlibSurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+    {
+        auto const createInfo = vk::XcbSurfaceCreateInfoKHR().setConnection(connection).setWindow(xcb_window);
+
+        auto result = inst.createXcbSurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK)
+    {
+        auto const createInfo = vk::IOSSurfaceCreateInfoMVK().setPView(nullptr);
+
+        auto result = inst.createIOSSurfaceMVK(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK)
+    {
+        auto const createInfo = vk::MacOSSurfaceCreateInfoMVK().setPView(window);
+
+        auto result = inst.createMacOSSurfaceMVK(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
+    {
+        auto result = create_display_surface();
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+#endif
+    // Iterate over each queue to learn whether it supports presenting:
+    std::unique_ptr<vk::Bool32[]> supportsPresent(new vk::Bool32[queue_family_count]);
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < queue_family_count; i++) {
+        gpu.getSurfaceSupportKHR(i, surface, &supportsPresent[i]);
+    }
+
+    uint32_t graphicsQueueFamilyIndex = UINT32_MAX;
+    uint32_t presentQueueFamilyIndex = UINT32_MAX;
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < queue_family_count; i++) {
+        if (queue_props[i].queueFlags & vk::QueueFlagBits::eGraphics) {
+            if (graphicsQueueFamilyIndex == UINT32_MAX) {
+                graphicsQueueFamilyIndex = i;
+            }
+
+            if (supportsPresent[i] == VK_TRUE) {
+                graphicsQueueFamilyIndex = i;
+                presentQueueFamilyIndex = i;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (presentQueueFamilyIndex == UINT32_MAX) {
+        // If didn't find a queue that supports both graphics and present,
+        // then
+        // find a separate present queue.
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < queue_family_count; ++i) {
+            if (supportsPresent[i] == VK_TRUE) {
+                presentQueueFamilyIndex = i;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Generate error if could not find both a graphics and a present queue
+    if (graphicsQueueFamilyIndex == UINT32_MAX || presentQueueFamilyIndex == UINT32_MAX) {
+        ERR_EXIT("Could not find both graphics and present queues\n", "Swapchain Initialization Failure");
+    }
+
+    graphics_queue_family_index = graphicsQueueFamilyIndex;
+    present_queue_family_index = presentQueueFamilyIndex;
+    separate_present_queue = (graphics_queue_family_index != present_queue_family_index);
+
+    create_device();
+
+    device.getQueue(graphics_queue_family_index, 0, &graphics_queue);
+    if (!separate_present_queue) {
+        present_queue = graphics_queue;
+    } else {
+        device.getQueue(present_queue_family_index, 0, &present_queue);
+    }
+
+    // Get the list of VkFormat's that are supported:
+    uint32_t formatCount;
+    auto result = gpu.getSurfaceFormatsKHR(surface, &formatCount, nullptr);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    std::unique_ptr<vk::SurfaceFormatKHR[]> surfFormats(new vk::SurfaceFormatKHR[formatCount]);
+    result = gpu.getSurfaceFormatsKHR(surface, &formatCount, surfFormats.get());
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    // If the format list includes just one entry of VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED,
+    // the surface has no preferred format.  Otherwise, at least one
+    // supported format will be returned.
+    if (formatCount == 1 && surfFormats[0].format == vk::Format::eUndefined) {
+        format = vk::Format::eB8G8R8A8Unorm;
+    } else {
+        assert(formatCount >= 1);
+        format = surfFormats[0].format;
+    }
+    color_space = surfFormats[0].colorSpace;
+
+    quit = false;
+    curFrame = 0;
+
+    // Create semaphores to synchronize acquiring presentable buffers before
+    // rendering and waiting for drawing to be complete before presenting
+    auto const semaphoreCreateInfo = vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo();
+
+    // Create fences that we can use to throttle if we get too far
+    // ahead of the image presents
+    auto const fence_ci = vk::FenceCreateInfo().setFlags(vk::FenceCreateFlagBits::eSignaled);
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < FRAME_LAG; i++) {
+        result = device.createFence(&fence_ci, nullptr, &fences[i]);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        result = device.createSemaphore(&semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &image_acquired_semaphores[i]);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        result = device.createSemaphore(&semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &draw_complete_semaphores[i]);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        if (separate_present_queue) {
+            result = device.createSemaphore(&semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &image_ownership_semaphores[i]);
+            VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+        }
+    }
+    frame_index = 0;
+
+    // Get Memory information and properties
+    gpu.getMemoryProperties(&memory_properties);
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare() {
+    auto const cmd_pool_info = vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo().setQueueFamilyIndex(graphics_queue_family_index);
+    auto result = device.createCommandPool(&cmd_pool_info, nullptr, &cmd_pool);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    auto const cmd = vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo()
+                         .setCommandPool(cmd_pool)
+                         .setLevel(vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary)
+                         .setCommandBufferCount(1);
+
+    result = device.allocateCommandBuffers(&cmd, &this->cmd);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    auto const cmd_buf_info = vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo().setPInheritanceInfo(nullptr);
+
+    result = this->cmd.begin(&cmd_buf_info);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    prepare_buffers();
+    prepare_depth();
+    prepare_textures();
+    prepare_cube_data_buffers();
+
+    prepare_descriptor_layout();
+    prepare_render_pass();
+    prepare_pipeline();
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; ++i) {
+        result = device.allocateCommandBuffers(&cmd, &swapchain_image_resources[i].cmd);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+
+    if (separate_present_queue) {
+        auto const present_cmd_pool_info = vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo().setQueueFamilyIndex(present_queue_family_index);
+
+        result = device.createCommandPool(&present_cmd_pool_info, nullptr, &present_cmd_pool);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        auto const present_cmd = vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo()
+                                     .setCommandPool(present_cmd_pool)
+                                     .setLevel(vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary)
+                                     .setCommandBufferCount(1);
+
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
+            result = device.allocateCommandBuffers(&present_cmd, &swapchain_image_resources[i].graphics_to_present_cmd);
+            VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+            build_image_ownership_cmd(i);
+        }
+    }
+
+    prepare_descriptor_pool();
+    prepare_descriptor_set();
+
+    prepare_framebuffers();
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; ++i) {
+        current_buffer = i;
+        draw_build_cmd(swapchain_image_resources[i].cmd);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Prepare functions above may generate pipeline commands
+     * that need to be flushed before beginning the render loop.
+     */
+    flush_init_cmd();
+    if (staging_texture.image) {
+        destroy_texture_image(&staging_texture);
+    }
+
+    current_buffer = 0;
+    prepared = true;
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_buffers() {
+    vk::SwapchainKHR oldSwapchain = swapchain;
+
+    // Check the surface capabilities and formats
+    vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR surfCapabilities;
+    auto result = gpu.getSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(surface, &surfCapabilities);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    uint32_t presentModeCount;
+    result = gpu.getSurfacePresentModesKHR(surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    std::unique_ptr<vk::PresentModeKHR[]> presentModes(new vk::PresentModeKHR[presentModeCount]);
+    result = gpu.getSurfacePresentModesKHR(surface, &presentModeCount, presentModes.get());
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    vk::Extent2D swapchainExtent;
+    // width and height are either both -1, or both not -1.
+    if (surfCapabilities.currentExtent.width == (uint32_t)-1) {
+        // If the surface size is undefined, the size is set to
+        // the size of the images requested.
+        swapchainExtent.width = width;
+        swapchainExtent.height = height;
+    } else {
+        // If the surface size is defined, the swap chain size must match
+        swapchainExtent = surfCapabilities.currentExtent;
+        width = surfCapabilities.currentExtent.width;
+        height = surfCapabilities.currentExtent.height;
+    }
+
+    // The FIFO present mode is guaranteed by the spec to be supported
+    // and to have no tearing.  It's a great default present mode to use.
+    vk::PresentModeKHR swapchainPresentMode = vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo;
+
+    //  There are times when you may wish to use another present mode.  The
+    //  following code shows how to select them, and the comments provide some
+    //  reasons you may wish to use them.
+    //
+    // It should be noted that Vulkan 1.0 doesn't provide a method for
+    // synchronizing rendering with the presentation engine's display.  There
+    // is a method provided for throttling rendering with the display, but
+    // there are some presentation engines for which this method will not work.
+    // If an application doesn't throttle its rendering, and if it renders much
+    // faster than the refresh rate of the display, this can waste power on
+    // mobile devices.  That is because power is being spent rendering images
+    // that may never be seen.
+
+    // VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR is for applications that don't care
+    // about
+    // tearing, or have some way of synchronizing their rendering with the
+    // display.
+    // VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR may be useful for applications that
+    // generally render a new presentable image every refresh cycle, but are
+    // occasionally early.  In this case, the application wants the new
+    // image
+    // to be displayed instead of the previously-queued-for-presentation
+    // image
+    // that has not yet been displayed.
+    // VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR is for applications that generally
+    // render a new presentable image every refresh cycle, but are
+    // occasionally
+    // late.  In this case (perhaps because of stuttering/latency concerns),
+    // the application wants the late image to be immediately displayed,
+    // even
+    // though that may mean some tearing.
+
+    if (presentMode != swapchainPresentMode) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < presentModeCount; ++i) {
+            if (presentModes[i] == presentMode) {
+                swapchainPresentMode = presentMode;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (swapchainPresentMode != presentMode) {
+        ERR_EXIT("Present mode specified is not supported\n", "Present mode unsupported");
+    }
+
+    // Determine the number of VkImages to use in the swap chain.
+    // Application desires to acquire 3 images at a time for triple
+    // buffering
+    uint32_t desiredNumOfSwapchainImages = 3;
+    if (desiredNumOfSwapchainImages < surfCapabilities.minImageCount) {
+        desiredNumOfSwapchainImages = surfCapabilities.minImageCount;
+    }
+
+    // If maxImageCount is 0, we can ask for as many images as we want,
+    // otherwise
+    // we're limited to maxImageCount
+    if ((surfCapabilities.maxImageCount > 0) && (desiredNumOfSwapchainImages > surfCapabilities.maxImageCount)) {
+        // Application must settle for fewer images than desired:
+        desiredNumOfSwapchainImages = surfCapabilities.maxImageCount;
+    }
+
+    vk::SurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR preTransform;
+    if (surfCapabilities.supportedTransforms & vk::SurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR::eIdentity) {
+        preTransform = vk::SurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR::eIdentity;
+    } else {
+        preTransform = surfCapabilities.currentTransform;
+    }
+
+    // Find a supported composite alpha mode - one of these is guaranteed to be set
+    vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR compositeAlpha = vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque;
+    vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR compositeAlphaFlags[4] = {
+        vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque,
+        vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::ePreMultiplied,
+        vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::ePostMultiplied,
+        vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eInherit,
+    };
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(compositeAlphaFlags); i++) {
+        if (surfCapabilities.supportedCompositeAlpha & compositeAlphaFlags[i]) {
+            compositeAlpha = compositeAlphaFlags[i];
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    auto const swapchain_ci = vk::SwapchainCreateInfoKHR()
+                                  .setSurface(surface)
+                                  .setMinImageCount(desiredNumOfSwapchainImages)
+                                  .setImageFormat(format)
+                                  .setImageColorSpace(color_space)
+                                  .setImageExtent({swapchainExtent.width, swapchainExtent.height})
+                                  .setImageArrayLayers(1)
+                                  .setImageUsage(vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eColorAttachment)
+                                  .setImageSharingMode(vk::SharingMode::eExclusive)
+                                  .setQueueFamilyIndexCount(0)
+                                  .setPQueueFamilyIndices(nullptr)
+                                  .setPreTransform(preTransform)
+                                  .setCompositeAlpha(compositeAlpha)
+                                  .setPresentMode(swapchainPresentMode)
+                                  .setClipped(true)
+                                  .setOldSwapchain(oldSwapchain);
+
+    result = device.createSwapchainKHR(&swapchain_ci, nullptr, &swapchain);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    // If we just re-created an existing swapchain, we should destroy the
+    // old
+    // swapchain at this point.
+    // Note: destroying the swapchain also cleans up all its associated
+    // presentable images once the platform is done with them.
+    if (oldSwapchain) {
+        device.destroySwapchainKHR(oldSwapchain, nullptr);
+    }
+
+    result = device.getSwapchainImagesKHR(swapchain, &swapchainImageCount, nullptr);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    std::unique_ptr<vk::Image[]> swapchainImages(new vk::Image[swapchainImageCount]);
+    result = device.getSwapchainImagesKHR(swapchain, &swapchainImageCount, swapchainImages.get());
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    swapchain_image_resources.reset(new SwapchainImageResources[swapchainImageCount]);
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; ++i) {
+        auto color_image_view = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo()
+                                    .setViewType(vk::ImageViewType::e2D)
+                                    .setFormat(format)
+                                    .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1));
+
+        swapchain_image_resources[i].image = swapchainImages[i];
+
+        color_image_view.image = swapchain_image_resources[i].image;
+
+        result = device.createImageView(&color_image_view, nullptr, &swapchain_image_resources[i].view);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_cube_data_buffers() {
+    mat4x4 VP;
+    mat4x4_mul(VP, projection_matrix, view_matrix);
+
+    mat4x4 MVP;
+    mat4x4_mul(MVP, VP, model_matrix);
+
+    vktexcube_vs_uniform data;
+    memcpy(data.mvp, MVP, sizeof(MVP));
+    //    dumpMatrix("MVP", MVP)
+
+    for (int32_t i = 0; i < 12 * 3; i++) {
+        data.position[i][0] = g_vertex_buffer_data[i * 3];
+        data.position[i][1] = g_vertex_buffer_data[i * 3 + 1];
+        data.position[i][2] = g_vertex_buffer_data[i * 3 + 2];
+        data.position[i][3] = 1.0f;
+        data.attr[i][0] = g_uv_buffer_data[2 * i];
+        data.attr[i][1] = g_uv_buffer_data[2 * i + 1];
+        data.attr[i][2] = 0;
+        data.attr[i][3] = 0;
+    }
+
+    auto const buf_info = vk::BufferCreateInfo().setSize(sizeof(data)).setUsage(vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eUniformBuffer);
+
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
+        auto result = device.createBuffer(&buf_info, nullptr, &swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_buffer);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        vk::MemoryRequirements mem_reqs;
+        device.getBufferMemoryRequirements(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_buffer, &mem_reqs);
+
+        auto mem_alloc = vk::MemoryAllocateInfo().setAllocationSize(mem_reqs.size).setMemoryTypeIndex(0);
+
+        bool const pass = memory_type_from_properties(
+            mem_reqs.memoryTypeBits, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent,
+            &mem_alloc.memoryTypeIndex);
+        VERIFY(pass);
+
+        result = device.allocateMemory(&mem_alloc, nullptr, &swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_memory);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        auto pData = device.mapMemory(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_memory, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE, vk::MemoryMapFlags());
+        VERIFY(pData.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        memcpy(pData.value, &data, sizeof data);
+
+        device.unmapMemory(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_memory);
+
+        result =
+            device.bindBufferMemory(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_buffer, swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_memory, 0);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_depth() {
+    depth.format = vk::Format::eD16Unorm;
+
+    auto const image = vk::ImageCreateInfo()
+                           .setImageType(vk::ImageType::e2D)
+                           .setFormat(depth.format)
+                           .setExtent({(uint32_t)width, (uint32_t)height, 1})
+                           .setMipLevels(1)
+                           .setArrayLayers(1)
+                           .setSamples(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1)
+                           .setTiling(vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal)
+                           .setUsage(vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachment)
+                           .setSharingMode(vk::SharingMode::eExclusive)
+                           .setQueueFamilyIndexCount(0)
+                           .setPQueueFamilyIndices(nullptr)
+                           .setInitialLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined);
+
+    auto result = device.createImage(&image, nullptr, &depth.image);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    vk::MemoryRequirements mem_reqs;
+    device.getImageMemoryRequirements(depth.image, &mem_reqs);
+
+    depth.mem_alloc.setAllocationSize(mem_reqs.size);
+    depth.mem_alloc.setMemoryTypeIndex(0);
+
+    auto const pass = memory_type_from_properties(mem_reqs.memoryTypeBits, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal,
+                                                  &depth.mem_alloc.memoryTypeIndex);
+    VERIFY(pass);
+
+    result = device.allocateMemory(&depth.mem_alloc, nullptr, &depth.mem);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    result = device.bindImageMemory(depth.image, depth.mem, 0);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    auto const view = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo()
+                          .setImage(depth.image)
+                          .setViewType(vk::ImageViewType::e2D)
+                          .setFormat(depth.format)
+                          .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth, 0, 1, 0, 1));
+    result = device.createImageView(&view, nullptr, &depth.view);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_descriptor_layout() {
+    vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding const layout_bindings[2] = {vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding()
+                                                                   .setBinding(0)
+                                                                   .setDescriptorType(vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer)
+                                                                   .setDescriptorCount(1)
+                                                                   .setStageFlags(vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex)
+                                                                   .setPImmutableSamplers(nullptr),
+                                                               vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding()
+                                                                   .setBinding(1)
+                                                                   .setDescriptorType(vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler)
+                                                                   .setDescriptorCount(texture_count)
+                                                                   .setStageFlags(vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment)
+                                                                   .setPImmutableSamplers(nullptr)};
+
+    auto const descriptor_layout = vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo().setBindingCount(2).setPBindings(layout_bindings);
+
+    auto result = device.createDescriptorSetLayout(&descriptor_layout, nullptr, &desc_layout);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    auto const pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo = vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo().setSetLayoutCount(1).setPSetLayouts(&desc_layout);
+
+    result = device.createPipelineLayout(&pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipeline_layout);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_descriptor_pool() {
+    vk::DescriptorPoolSize const poolSizes[2] = {
+        vk::DescriptorPoolSize().setType(vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer).setDescriptorCount(swapchainImageCount),
+        vk::DescriptorPoolSize()
+            .setType(vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler)
+            .setDescriptorCount(swapchainImageCount * texture_count)};
+
+    auto const descriptor_pool =
+        vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo().setMaxSets(swapchainImageCount).setPoolSizeCount(2).setPPoolSizes(poolSizes);
+
+    auto result = device.createDescriptorPool(&descriptor_pool, nullptr, &desc_pool);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_descriptor_set() {
+    auto const alloc_info =
+        vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo().setDescriptorPool(desc_pool).setDescriptorSetCount(1).setPSetLayouts(&desc_layout);
+
+    auto buffer_info = vk::DescriptorBufferInfo().setOffset(0).setRange(sizeof(struct vktexcube_vs_uniform));
+
+    vk::DescriptorImageInfo tex_descs[texture_count];
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < texture_count; i++) {
+        tex_descs[i].setSampler(textures[i].sampler);
+        tex_descs[i].setImageView(textures[i].view);
+        tex_descs[i].setImageLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eGeneral);
+    }
+
+    vk::WriteDescriptorSet writes[2];
+
+    writes[0].setDescriptorCount(1);
+    writes[0].setDescriptorType(vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer);
+    writes[0].setPBufferInfo(&buffer_info);
+
+    writes[1].setDstBinding(1);
+    writes[1].setDescriptorCount(texture_count);
+    writes[1].setDescriptorType(vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler);
+    writes[1].setPImageInfo(tex_descs);
+
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
+        auto result = device.allocateDescriptorSets(&alloc_info, &swapchain_image_resources[i].descriptor_set);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        buffer_info.setBuffer(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_buffer);
+        writes[0].setDstSet(swapchain_image_resources[i].descriptor_set);
+        writes[1].setDstSet(swapchain_image_resources[i].descriptor_set);
+        device.updateDescriptorSets(2, writes, 0, nullptr);
+    }
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_framebuffers() {
+    vk::ImageView attachments[2];
+    attachments[1] = depth.view;
+
+    auto const fb_info = vk::FramebufferCreateInfo()
+                             .setRenderPass(render_pass)
+                             .setAttachmentCount(2)
+                             .setPAttachments(attachments)
+                             .setWidth((uint32_t)width)
+                             .setHeight((uint32_t)height)
+                             .setLayers(1);
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
+        attachments[0] = swapchain_image_resources[i].view;
+        auto const result = device.createFramebuffer(&fb_info, nullptr, &swapchain_image_resources[i].framebuffer);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+}
+
+vk::ShaderModule Demo::prepare_fs() {
+    const uint32_t fragShaderCode[] = {
+#include "cube.frag.inc"
+    };
+
+    frag_shader_module = prepare_shader_module(fragShaderCode, sizeof(fragShaderCode));
+
+    return frag_shader_module;
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_pipeline() {
+    vk::PipelineCacheCreateInfo const pipelineCacheInfo;
+    auto result = device.createPipelineCache(&pipelineCacheInfo, nullptr, &pipelineCache);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo const shaderStageInfo[2] = {
+        vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo().setStage(vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex).setModule(prepare_vs()).setPName("main"),
+        vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo().setStage(vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment).setModule(prepare_fs()).setPName("main")};
+
+    vk::PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo const vertexInputInfo;
+
+    auto const inputAssemblyInfo = vk::PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo().setTopology(vk::PrimitiveTopology::eTriangleList);
+
+    // TODO: Where are pViewports and pScissors set?
+    auto const viewportInfo = vk::PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo().setViewportCount(1).setScissorCount(1);
+
+    auto const rasterizationInfo = vk::PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo()
+                                       .setDepthClampEnable(VK_FALSE)
+                                       .setRasterizerDiscardEnable(VK_FALSE)
+                                       .setPolygonMode(vk::PolygonMode::eFill)
+                                       .setCullMode(vk::CullModeFlagBits::eBack)
+                                       .setFrontFace(vk::FrontFace::eCounterClockwise)
+                                       .setDepthBiasEnable(VK_FALSE)
+                                       .setLineWidth(1.0f);
+
+    auto const multisampleInfo = vk::PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo();
+
+    auto const stencilOp =
+        vk::StencilOpState().setFailOp(vk::StencilOp::eKeep).setPassOp(vk::StencilOp::eKeep).setCompareOp(vk::CompareOp::eAlways);
+
+    auto const depthStencilInfo = vk::PipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo()
+                                      .setDepthTestEnable(VK_TRUE)
+                                      .setDepthWriteEnable(VK_TRUE)
+                                      .setDepthCompareOp(vk::CompareOp::eLessOrEqual)
+                                      .setDepthBoundsTestEnable(VK_FALSE)
+                                      .setStencilTestEnable(VK_FALSE)
+                                      .setFront(stencilOp)
+                                      .setBack(stencilOp);
+
+    vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState const colorBlendAttachments[1] = {
+        vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState().setColorWriteMask(vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eR | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eG |
+                                                                  vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eB | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eA)};
+
+    auto const colorBlendInfo =
+        vk::PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo().setAttachmentCount(1).setPAttachments(colorBlendAttachments);
+
+    vk::DynamicState const dynamicStates[2] = {vk::DynamicState::eViewport, vk::DynamicState::eScissor};
+
+    auto const dynamicStateInfo = vk::PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo().setPDynamicStates(dynamicStates).setDynamicStateCount(2);
+
+    auto const pipeline = vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo()
+                              .setStageCount(2)
+                              .setPStages(shaderStageInfo)
+                              .setPVertexInputState(&vertexInputInfo)
+                              .setPInputAssemblyState(&inputAssemblyInfo)
+                              .setPViewportState(&viewportInfo)
+                              .setPRasterizationState(&rasterizationInfo)
+                              .setPMultisampleState(&multisampleInfo)
+                              .setPDepthStencilState(&depthStencilInfo)
+                              .setPColorBlendState(&colorBlendInfo)
+                              .setPDynamicState(&dynamicStateInfo)
+                              .setLayout(pipeline_layout)
+                              .setRenderPass(render_pass);
+
+    result = device.createGraphicsPipelines(pipelineCache, 1, &pipeline, nullptr, &this->pipeline);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    device.destroyShaderModule(frag_shader_module, nullptr);
+    device.destroyShaderModule(vert_shader_module, nullptr);
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_render_pass() {
+    // The initial layout for the color and depth attachments will be LAYOUT_UNDEFINED
+    // because at the start of the renderpass, we don't care about their contents.
+    // At the start of the subpass, the color attachment's layout will be transitioned
+    // to LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL and the depth stencil attachment's layout
+    // will be transitioned to LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL.  At the end of
+    // the renderpass, the color attachment's layout will be transitioned to
+    // LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR to be ready to present.  This is all done as part of
+    // the renderpass, no barriers are necessary.
+    const vk::AttachmentDescription attachments[2] = {vk::AttachmentDescription()
+                                                          .setFormat(format)
+                                                          .setSamples(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1)
+                                                          .setLoadOp(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eClear)
+                                                          .setStoreOp(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eStore)
+                                                          .setStencilLoadOp(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eDontCare)
+                                                          .setStencilStoreOp(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare)
+                                                          .setInitialLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined)
+                                                          .setFinalLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR),
+                                                      vk::AttachmentDescription()
+                                                          .setFormat(depth.format)
+                                                          .setSamples(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1)
+                                                          .setLoadOp(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eClear)
+                                                          .setStoreOp(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare)
+                                                          .setStencilLoadOp(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eDontCare)
+                                                          .setStencilStoreOp(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare)
+                                                          .setInitialLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined)
+                                                          .setFinalLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal)};
+
+    auto const color_reference = vk::AttachmentReference().setAttachment(0).setLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal);
+
+    auto const depth_reference =
+        vk::AttachmentReference().setAttachment(1).setLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal);
+
+    auto const subpass = vk::SubpassDescription()
+                             .setPipelineBindPoint(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics)
+                             .setInputAttachmentCount(0)
+                             .setPInputAttachments(nullptr)
+                             .setColorAttachmentCount(1)
+                             .setPColorAttachments(&color_reference)
+                             .setPResolveAttachments(nullptr)
+                             .setPDepthStencilAttachment(&depth_reference)
+                             .setPreserveAttachmentCount(0)
+                             .setPPreserveAttachments(nullptr);
+
+    auto const rp_info = vk::RenderPassCreateInfo()
+                             .setAttachmentCount(2)
+                             .setPAttachments(attachments)
+                             .setSubpassCount(1)
+                             .setPSubpasses(&subpass)
+                             .setDependencyCount(0)
+                             .setPDependencies(nullptr);
+
+    auto result = device.createRenderPass(&rp_info, nullptr, &render_pass);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+}
+
+vk::ShaderModule Demo::prepare_shader_module(const uint32_t *code, size_t size) {
+    const auto moduleCreateInfo = vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo().setCodeSize(size).setPCode(code);
+
+    vk::ShaderModule module;
+    auto result = device.createShaderModule(&moduleCreateInfo, nullptr, &module);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    return module;
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_texture_image(const char *filename, texture_object *tex_obj, vk::ImageTiling tiling, vk::ImageUsageFlags usage,
+                                 vk::MemoryPropertyFlags required_props) {
+    int32_t tex_width;
+    int32_t tex_height;
+    if (!loadTexture(filename, nullptr, nullptr, &tex_width, &tex_height)) {
+        ERR_EXIT("Failed to load textures", "Load Texture Failure");
+    }
+
+    tex_obj->tex_width = tex_width;
+    tex_obj->tex_height = tex_height;
+
+    auto const image_create_info = vk::ImageCreateInfo()
+                                       .setImageType(vk::ImageType::e2D)
+                                       .setFormat(vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm)
+                                       .setExtent({(uint32_t)tex_width, (uint32_t)tex_height, 1})
+                                       .setMipLevels(1)
+                                       .setArrayLayers(1)
+                                       .setSamples(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1)
+                                       .setTiling(tiling)
+                                       .setUsage(usage)
+                                       .setSharingMode(vk::SharingMode::eExclusive)
+                                       .setQueueFamilyIndexCount(0)
+                                       .setPQueueFamilyIndices(nullptr)
+                                       .setInitialLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePreinitialized);
+
+    auto result = device.createImage(&image_create_info, nullptr, &tex_obj->image);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    vk::MemoryRequirements mem_reqs;
+    device.getImageMemoryRequirements(tex_obj->image, &mem_reqs);
+
+    tex_obj->mem_alloc.setAllocationSize(mem_reqs.size);
+    tex_obj->mem_alloc.setMemoryTypeIndex(0);
+
+    auto pass = memory_type_from_properties(mem_reqs.memoryTypeBits, required_props, &tex_obj->mem_alloc.memoryTypeIndex);
+    VERIFY(pass == true);
+
+    result = device.allocateMemory(&tex_obj->mem_alloc, nullptr, &(tex_obj->mem));
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    result = device.bindImageMemory(tex_obj->image, tex_obj->mem, 0);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    if (required_props & vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible) {
+        auto const subres = vk::ImageSubresource().setAspectMask(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor).setMipLevel(0).setArrayLayer(0);
+        vk::SubresourceLayout layout;
+        device.getImageSubresourceLayout(tex_obj->image, &subres, &layout);
+
+        auto data = device.mapMemory(tex_obj->mem, 0, tex_obj->mem_alloc.allocationSize);
+        VERIFY(data.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        if (!loadTexture(filename, (uint8_t *)data.value, &layout, &tex_width, &tex_height)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "Error loading texture: %s\n", filename);
+        }
+
+        device.unmapMemory(tex_obj->mem);
+    }
+
+    tex_obj->imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal;
+}
+
+void Demo::prepare_textures() {
+    vk::Format const tex_format = vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm;
+    vk::FormatProperties props;
+    gpu.getFormatProperties(tex_format, &props);
+
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < texture_count; i++) {
+        if ((props.linearTilingFeatures & vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eSampledImage) && !use_staging_buffer) {
+            /* Device can texture using linear textures */
+            prepare_texture_image(tex_files[i], &textures[i], vk::ImageTiling::eLinear, vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled,
+                                  vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent);
+            // Nothing in the pipeline needs to be complete to start, and don't allow fragment
+            // shader to run until layout transition completes
+            set_image_layout(textures[i].image, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, vk::ImageLayout::ePreinitialized,
+                             textures[i].imageLayout, vk::AccessFlagBits(), vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTopOfPipe,
+                             vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eFragmentShader);
+            staging_texture.image = vk::Image();
+        } else if (props.optimalTilingFeatures & vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eSampledImage) {
+            /* Must use staging buffer to copy linear texture to optimized */
+
+            prepare_texture_image(tex_files[i], &staging_texture, vk::ImageTiling::eLinear, vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc,
+                                  vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent);
+
+            prepare_texture_image(tex_files[i], &textures[i], vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
+                                  vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled,
+                                  vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal);
+
+            set_image_layout(staging_texture.image, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, vk::ImageLayout::ePreinitialized,
+                             vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal, vk::AccessFlagBits(), vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTopOfPipe,
+                             vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer);
+
+            set_image_layout(textures[i].image, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, vk::ImageLayout::ePreinitialized,
+                             vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, vk::AccessFlagBits(), vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTopOfPipe,
+                             vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer);
+
+            auto const subresource = vk::ImageSubresourceLayers()
+                                         .setAspectMask(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor)
+                                         .setMipLevel(0)
+                                         .setBaseArrayLayer(0)
+                                         .setLayerCount(1);
+
+            auto const copy_region = vk::ImageCopy()
+                                         .setSrcSubresource(subresource)
+                                         .setSrcOffset({0, 0, 0})
+                                         .setDstSubresource(subresource)
+                                         .setDstOffset({0, 0, 0})
+                                         .setExtent({(uint32_t)staging_texture.tex_width, (uint32_t)staging_texture.tex_height, 1});
+
+            cmd.copyImage(staging_texture.image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal, textures[i].image,
+                          vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, 1, &copy_region);
+
+            set_image_layout(textures[i].image, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal,
+                             textures[i].imageLayout, vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer,
+                             vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eFragmentShader);
+        } else {
+            assert(!"No support for R8G8B8A8_UNORM as texture image format");
+        }
+
+        auto const samplerInfo = vk::SamplerCreateInfo()
+                                     .setMagFilter(vk::Filter::eNearest)
+                                     .setMinFilter(vk::Filter::eNearest)
+                                     .setMipmapMode(vk::SamplerMipmapMode::eNearest)
+                                     .setAddressModeU(vk::SamplerAddressMode::eClampToEdge)
+                                     .setAddressModeV(vk::SamplerAddressMode::eClampToEdge)
+                                     .setAddressModeW(vk::SamplerAddressMode::eClampToEdge)
+                                     .setMipLodBias(0.0f)
+                                     .setAnisotropyEnable(VK_FALSE)
+                                     .setMaxAnisotropy(1)
+                                     .setCompareEnable(VK_FALSE)
+                                     .setCompareOp(vk::CompareOp::eNever)
+                                     .setMinLod(0.0f)
+                                     .setMaxLod(0.0f)
+                                     .setBorderColor(vk::BorderColor::eFloatOpaqueWhite)
+                                     .setUnnormalizedCoordinates(VK_FALSE);
+
+        auto result = device.createSampler(&samplerInfo, nullptr, &textures[i].sampler);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        auto const viewInfo = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo()
+                                  .setImage(textures[i].image)
+                                  .setViewType(vk::ImageViewType::e2D)
+                                  .setFormat(tex_format)
+                                  .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1));
+
+        result = device.createImageView(&viewInfo, nullptr, &textures[i].view);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+    }
+}
+
+vk::ShaderModule Demo::prepare_vs() {
+    const uint32_t vertShaderCode[] = {
+#include "cube.vert.inc"
+    };
+
+    vert_shader_module = prepare_shader_module(vertShaderCode, sizeof(vertShaderCode));
+
+    return vert_shader_module;
+}
+
+void Demo::resize() {
+    uint32_t i;
+
+    // Don't react to resize until after first initialization.
+    if (!prepared) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    // In order to properly resize the window, we must re-create the
+    // swapchain
+    // AND redo the command buffers, etc.
+    //
+    // First, perform part of the cleanup() function:
+    prepared = false;
+    auto result = device.waitIdle();
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
+        device.destroyFramebuffer(swapchain_image_resources[i].framebuffer, nullptr);
+    }
+
+    device.destroyDescriptorPool(desc_pool, nullptr);
+
+    device.destroyPipeline(pipeline, nullptr);
+    device.destroyPipelineCache(pipelineCache, nullptr);
+    device.destroyRenderPass(render_pass, nullptr);
+    device.destroyPipelineLayout(pipeline_layout, nullptr);
+    device.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(desc_layout, nullptr);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < texture_count; i++) {
+        device.destroyImageView(textures[i].view, nullptr);
+        device.destroyImage(textures[i].image, nullptr);
+        device.freeMemory(textures[i].mem, nullptr);
+        device.destroySampler(textures[i].sampler, nullptr);
+    }
+
+    device.destroyImageView(depth.view, nullptr);
+    device.destroyImage(depth.image, nullptr);
+    device.freeMemory(depth.mem, nullptr);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
+        device.destroyImageView(swapchain_image_resources[i].view, nullptr);
+        device.freeCommandBuffers(cmd_pool, 1, &swapchain_image_resources[i].cmd);
+        device.destroyBuffer(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_buffer, nullptr);
+        device.freeMemory(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_memory, nullptr);
+    }
+
+    device.destroyCommandPool(cmd_pool, nullptr);
+    if (separate_present_queue) {
+        device.destroyCommandPool(present_cmd_pool, nullptr);
+    }
+
+    // Second, re-perform the prepare() function, which will re-create the
+    // swapchain.
+    prepare();
+}
+
+void Demo::set_image_layout(vk::Image image, vk::ImageAspectFlags aspectMask, vk::ImageLayout oldLayout, vk::ImageLayout newLayout,
+                            vk::AccessFlags srcAccessMask, vk::PipelineStageFlags src_stages, vk::PipelineStageFlags dest_stages) {
+    assert(cmd);
+
+    auto DstAccessMask = [](vk::ImageLayout const &layout) {
+        vk::AccessFlags flags;
+
+        switch (layout) {
+            case vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal:
+                // Make sure anything that was copying from this image has
+                // completed
+                flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite;
+                break;
+            case vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal:
+                flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eColorAttachmentWrite;
+                break;
+            case vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal:
+                flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachmentWrite;
+                break;
+            case vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal:
+                // Make sure any Copy or CPU writes to image are flushed
+                flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eShaderRead | vk::AccessFlagBits::eInputAttachmentRead;
+                break;
+            case vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal:
+                flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferRead;
+                break;
+            case vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR:
+                flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eMemoryRead;
+                break;
+            default:
+                break;
+        }
+
+        return flags;
+    };
+
+    auto const barrier = vk::ImageMemoryBarrier()
+                             .setSrcAccessMask(srcAccessMask)
+                             .setDstAccessMask(DstAccessMask(newLayout))
+                             .setOldLayout(oldLayout)
+                             .setNewLayout(newLayout)
+                             .setSrcQueueFamilyIndex(0)
+                             .setDstQueueFamilyIndex(0)
+                             .setImage(image)
+                             .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(aspectMask, 0, 1, 0, 1));
+
+    cmd.pipelineBarrier(src_stages, dest_stages, vk::DependencyFlagBits(), 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);
+}
+
+void Demo::update_data_buffer() {
+    mat4x4 VP;
+    mat4x4_mul(VP, projection_matrix, view_matrix);
+
+    // Rotate around the Y axis
+    mat4x4 Model;
+    mat4x4_dup(Model, model_matrix);
+    mat4x4_rotate(model_matrix, Model, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, (float)degreesToRadians(spin_angle));
+
+    mat4x4 MVP;
+    mat4x4_mul(MVP, VP, model_matrix);
+
+    auto data = device.mapMemory(swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].uniform_memory, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE, vk::MemoryMapFlags());
+    VERIFY(data.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    memcpy(data.value, (const void *)&MVP[0][0], sizeof(MVP));
+
+    device.unmapMemory(swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].uniform_memory);
+}
+
+bool Demo::loadTexture(const char *filename, uint8_t *rgba_data, vk::SubresourceLayout *layout, int32_t *width, int32_t *height) {
+#if (defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK))
+    filename = [[[NSBundle mainBundle] resourcePath] stringByAppendingPathComponent:@(filename)].UTF8String;
+#endif
+
+    FILE *fPtr = fopen(filename, "rb");
+    if (!fPtr) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    char header[256];
+    char *cPtr = fgets(header, 256, fPtr);  // P6
+    if (cPtr == nullptr || strncmp(header, "P6\n", 3)) {
+        fclose(fPtr);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    do {
+        cPtr = fgets(header, 256, fPtr);
+        if (cPtr == nullptr) {
+            fclose(fPtr);
+            return false;
+        }
+    } while (!strncmp(header, "#", 1));
+
+    sscanf(header, "%" SCNd32 " %" SCNd32, width, height);
+    if (rgba_data == nullptr) {
+        fclose(fPtr);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    char *result = fgets(header, 256, fPtr);  // Format
+    VERIFY(result != nullptr);
+    if (cPtr == nullptr || strncmp(header, "255\n", 3)) {
+        fclose(fPtr);
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    for (int y = 0; y < *height; y++) {
+        uint8_t *rowPtr = rgba_data;
+
+        for (int x = 0; x < *width; x++) {
+            size_t s = fread(rowPtr, 3, 1, fPtr);
+            (void)s;
+            rowPtr[3] = 255; /* Alpha of 1 */
+            rowPtr += 4;
+        }
+
+        rgba_data += layout->rowPitch;
+    }
+
+    fclose(fPtr);
+    return true;
+}
+
+bool Demo::memory_type_from_properties(uint32_t typeBits, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags requirements_mask, uint32_t *typeIndex) {
+    // Search memtypes to find first index with those properties
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < VK_MAX_MEMORY_TYPES; i++) {
+        if ((typeBits & 1) == 1) {
+            // Type is available, does it match user properties?
+            if ((memory_properties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & requirements_mask) == requirements_mask) {
+                *typeIndex = i;
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        typeBits >>= 1;
+    }
+
+    // No memory types matched, return failure
+    return false;
+}
+
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
+void Demo::run() {
+    if (!prepared) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    draw();
+    curFrame++;
+
+    if (frameCount != INT_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
+        PostQuitMessage(validation_error);
+    }
+}
+
+void Demo::create_window() {
+    WNDCLASSEX win_class;
+
+    // Initialize the window class structure:
+    win_class.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
+    win_class.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
+    win_class.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
+    win_class.cbClsExtra = 0;
+    win_class.cbWndExtra = 0;
+    win_class.hInstance = connection;  // hInstance
+    win_class.hIcon = LoadIcon(nullptr, IDI_APPLICATION);
+    win_class.hCursor = LoadCursor(nullptr, IDC_ARROW);
+    win_class.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
+    win_class.lpszMenuName = nullptr;
+    win_class.lpszClassName = name;
+    win_class.hIconSm = LoadIcon(nullptr, IDI_WINLOGO);
+
+    // Register window class:
+    if (!RegisterClassEx(&win_class)) {
+        // It didn't work, so try to give a useful error:
+        printf("Unexpected error trying to start the application!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    // Create window with the registered class:
+    RECT wr = {0, 0, static_cast<LONG>(width), static_cast<LONG>(height)};
+    AdjustWindowRect(&wr, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, FALSE);
+    window = CreateWindowEx(0,
+                            name,                  // class name
+                            name,                  // app name
+                            WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW |  // window style
+                                WS_VISIBLE | WS_SYSMENU,
+                            100, 100,            // x/y coords
+                            wr.right - wr.left,  // width
+                            wr.bottom - wr.top,  // height
+                            nullptr,             // handle to parent
+                            nullptr,             // handle to menu
+                            connection,          // hInstance
+                            nullptr);            // no extra parameters
+
+    if (!window) {
+        // It didn't work, so try to give a useful error:
+        printf("Cannot create a window in which to draw!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    // Window client area size must be at least 1 pixel high, to prevent
+    // crash.
+    minsize.x = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXMINTRACK);
+    minsize.y = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYMINTRACK) + 1;
+}
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+
+void Demo::create_xlib_window() {
+    const char *display_envar = getenv("DISPLAY");
+    if (display_envar == nullptr || display_envar[0] == '\0') {
+        printf("Environment variable DISPLAY requires a valid value.\nExiting ...\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    XInitThreads();
+    display = XOpenDisplay(nullptr);
+    long visualMask = VisualScreenMask;
+    int numberOfVisuals;
+    XVisualInfo vInfoTemplate = {};
+    vInfoTemplate.screen = DefaultScreen(display);
+    XVisualInfo *visualInfo = XGetVisualInfo(display, visualMask, &vInfoTemplate, &numberOfVisuals);
+
+    Colormap colormap = XCreateColormap(display, RootWindow(display, vInfoTemplate.screen), visualInfo->visual, AllocNone);
+
+    XSetWindowAttributes windowAttributes = {};
+    windowAttributes.colormap = colormap;
+    windowAttributes.background_pixel = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+    windowAttributes.border_pixel = 0;
+    windowAttributes.event_mask = KeyPressMask | KeyReleaseMask | StructureNotifyMask | ExposureMask;
+
+    xlib_window =
+        XCreateWindow(display, RootWindow(display, vInfoTemplate.screen), 0, 0, width, height, 0, visualInfo->depth, InputOutput,
+                      visualInfo->visual, CWBackPixel | CWBorderPixel | CWEventMask | CWColormap, &windowAttributes);
+
+    XSelectInput(display, xlib_window, ExposureMask | KeyPressMask);
+    XMapWindow(display, xlib_window);
+    XFlush(display);
+    xlib_wm_delete_window = XInternAtom(display, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW", False);
+}
+
+void Demo::handle_xlib_event(const XEvent *event) {
+    switch (event->type) {
+        case ClientMessage:
+            if ((Atom)event->xclient.data.l[0] == xlib_wm_delete_window) {
+                quit = true;
+            }
+            break;
+        case KeyPress:
+            switch (event->xkey.keycode) {
+                case 0x9:  // Escape
+                    quit = true;
+                    break;
+                case 0x71:  // left arrow key
+                    spin_angle -= spin_increment;
+                    break;
+                case 0x72:  // right arrow key
+                    spin_angle += spin_increment;
+                    break;
+                case 0x41:  // space bar
+                    pause = !pause;
+                    break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case ConfigureNotify:
+            if (((int32_t)width != event->xconfigure.width) || ((int32_t)height != event->xconfigure.height)) {
+                width = event->xconfigure.width;
+                height = event->xconfigure.height;
+                resize();
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+void Demo::run_xlib() {
+    while (!quit) {
+        XEvent event;
+
+        if (pause) {
+            XNextEvent(display, &event);
+            handle_xlib_event(&event);
+        }
+        while (XPending(display) > 0) {
+            XNextEvent(display, &event);
+            handle_xlib_event(&event);
+        }
+
+        draw();
+        curFrame++;
+
+        if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
+            quit = true;
+        }
+    }
+}
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+
+void Demo::handle_xcb_event(const xcb_generic_event_t *event) {
+    uint8_t event_code = event->response_type & 0x7f;
+    switch (event_code) {
+        case XCB_EXPOSE:
+            // TODO: Resize window
+            break;
+        case XCB_CLIENT_MESSAGE:
+            if ((*(xcb_client_message_event_t *)event).data.data32[0] == (*atom_wm_delete_window).atom) {
+                quit = true;
+            }
+            break;
+        case XCB_KEY_RELEASE: {
+            const xcb_key_release_event_t *key = (const xcb_key_release_event_t *)event;
+
+            switch (key->detail) {
+                case 0x9:  // Escape
+                    quit = true;
+                    break;
+                case 0x71:  // left arrow key
+                    spin_angle -= spin_increment;
+                    break;
+                case 0x72:  // right arrow key
+                    spin_angle += spin_increment;
+                    break;
+                case 0x41:  // space bar
+                    pause = !pause;
+                    break;
+            }
+        } break;
+        case XCB_CONFIGURE_NOTIFY: {
+            const xcb_configure_notify_event_t *cfg = (const xcb_configure_notify_event_t *)event;
+            if ((width != cfg->width) || (height != cfg->height)) {
+                width = cfg->width;
+                height = cfg->height;
+                resize();
+            }
+        } break;
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+}
+
+void Demo::run_xcb() {
+    xcb_flush(connection);
+
+    while (!quit) {
+        xcb_generic_event_t *event;
+
+        if (pause) {
+            event = xcb_wait_for_event(connection);
+        } else {
+            event = xcb_poll_for_event(connection);
+        }
+        while (event) {
+            handle_xcb_event(event);
+            free(event);
+            event = xcb_poll_for_event(connection);
+        }
+
+        draw();
+        curFrame++;
+        if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
+            quit = true;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void Demo::create_xcb_window() {
+    uint32_t value_mask, value_list[32];
+
+    xcb_window = xcb_generate_id(connection);
+
+    value_mask = XCB_CW_BACK_PIXEL | XCB_CW_EVENT_MASK;
+    value_list[0] = screen->black_pixel;
+    value_list[1] = XCB_EVENT_MASK_KEY_RELEASE | XCB_EVENT_MASK_EXPOSURE | XCB_EVENT_MASK_STRUCTURE_NOTIFY;
+
+    xcb_create_window(connection, XCB_COPY_FROM_PARENT, xcb_window, screen->root, 0, 0, width, height, 0,
+                      XCB_WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT, screen->root_visual, value_mask, value_list);
+
+    /* Magic code that will send notification when window is destroyed */
+    xcb_intern_atom_cookie_t cookie = xcb_intern_atom(connection, 1, 12, "WM_PROTOCOLS");
+    xcb_intern_atom_reply_t *reply = xcb_intern_atom_reply(connection, cookie, 0);
+
+    xcb_intern_atom_cookie_t cookie2 = xcb_intern_atom(connection, 0, 16, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW");
+    atom_wm_delete_window = xcb_intern_atom_reply(connection, cookie2, 0);
+
+    xcb_change_property(connection, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE, xcb_window, (*reply).atom, 4, 32, 1, &(*atom_wm_delete_window).atom);
+
+    free(reply);
+
+    xcb_map_window(connection, xcb_window);
+
+    // Force the x/y coordinates to 100,100 results are identical in
+    // consecutive
+    // runs
+    const uint32_t coords[] = {100, 100};
+    xcb_configure_window(connection, xcb_window, XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_X | XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_Y, coords);
+}
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+
+void Demo::run() {
+    while (!quit) {
+        if (pause) {
+            wl_display_dispatch(display);
+        } else {
+            wl_display_dispatch_pending(display);
+            update_data_buffer();
+            draw();
+            curFrame++;
+            if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
+                quit = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void Demo::create_window() {
+    window = wl_compositor_create_surface(compositor);
+    if (!window) {
+        printf("Can not create wayland_surface from compositor!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    shell_surface = wl_shell_get_shell_surface(shell, window);
+    if (!shell_surface) {
+        printf("Can not get shell_surface from wayland_surface!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    wl_shell_surface_add_listener(shell_surface, &shell_surface_listener, this);
+    wl_shell_surface_set_toplevel(shell_surface);
+    wl_shell_surface_set_title(shell_surface, APP_SHORT_NAME);
+}
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK)
+void Demo::run() {
+    draw();
+    curFrame++;
+    if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
+        quit = true;
+    }
+}
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
+
+vk::Result Demo::create_display_surface() {
+    vk::Result result;
+    uint32_t display_count;
+    uint32_t mode_count;
+    uint32_t plane_count;
+    vk::DisplayPropertiesKHR display_props;
+    vk::DisplayKHR display;
+    vk::DisplayModePropertiesKHR mode_props;
+    vk::DisplayPlanePropertiesKHR *plane_props;
+    vk::Bool32 found_plane = VK_FALSE;
+    uint32_t plane_index;
+    vk::Extent2D image_extent;
+
+    // Get the first display
+    result = gpu.getDisplayPropertiesKHR(&display_count, nullptr);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    if (display_count == 0) {
+        printf("Cannot find any display!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    display_count = 1;
+    result = gpu.getDisplayPropertiesKHR(&display_count, &display_props);
+    VERIFY((result == vk::Result::eSuccess) || (result == vk::Result::eIncomplete));
+
+    display = display_props.display;
+
+    // Get the first mode of the display
+    result = gpu.getDisplayModePropertiesKHR(display, &mode_count, nullptr);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    if (mode_count == 0) {
+        printf("Cannot find any mode for the display!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    mode_count = 1;
+    result = gpu.getDisplayModePropertiesKHR(display, &mode_count, &mode_props);
+    VERIFY((result == vk::Result::eSuccess) || (result == vk::Result::eIncomplete));
+
+    // Get the list of planes
+    result = gpu.getDisplayPlanePropertiesKHR(&plane_count, nullptr);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    if (plane_count == 0) {
+        printf("Cannot find any plane!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    plane_props = (vk::DisplayPlanePropertiesKHR *)malloc(sizeof(vk::DisplayPlanePropertiesKHR) * plane_count);
+    VERIFY(plane_props != nullptr);
+
+    result = gpu.getDisplayPlanePropertiesKHR(&plane_count, plane_props);
+    VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+    // Find a plane compatible with the display
+    for (plane_index = 0; plane_index < plane_count; plane_index++) {
+        uint32_t supported_count;
+        vk::DisplayKHR *supported_displays;
+
+        // Disqualify planes that are bound to a different display
+        if (plane_props[plane_index].currentDisplay && (plane_props[plane_index].currentDisplay != display)) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        result = gpu.getDisplayPlaneSupportedDisplaysKHR(plane_index, &supported_count, nullptr);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        if (supported_count == 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        supported_displays = (vk::DisplayKHR *)malloc(sizeof(vk::DisplayKHR) * supported_count);
+        VERIFY(supported_displays != nullptr);
+
+        result = gpu.getDisplayPlaneSupportedDisplaysKHR(plane_index, &supported_count, supported_displays);
+        VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
+
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < supported_count; i++) {
+            if (supported_displays[i] == display) {
+                found_plane = VK_TRUE;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        free(supported_displays);
+
+        if (found_plane) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!found_plane) {
+        printf("Cannot find a plane compatible with the display!\n");
+        fflush(stdout);
+        exit(1);
+    }
+
+    free(plane_props);
+
+    vk::DisplayPlaneCapabilitiesKHR planeCaps;
+    gpu.getDisplayPlaneCapabilitiesKHR(mode_props.displayMode, plane_index, &planeCaps);
+    // Find a supported alpha mode
+    vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR alphaMode = vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque;
+    vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR alphaModes[4] = {
+        vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque,
+        vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eGlobal,
+        vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::ePerPixel,
+        vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::ePerPixelPremultiplied,
+    };
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < sizeof(alphaModes); i++) {
+        if (planeCaps.supportedAlpha & alphaModes[i]) {
+            alphaMode = alphaModes[i];
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    image_extent.setWidth(mode_props.parameters.visibleRegion.width);
+    image_extent.setHeight(mode_props.parameters.visibleRegion.height);
+
+    auto const createInfo = vk::DisplaySurfaceCreateInfoKHR()
+                                .setDisplayMode(mode_props.displayMode)
+                                .setPlaneIndex(plane_index)
+                                .setPlaneStackIndex(plane_props[plane_index].currentStackIndex)
+                                .setGlobalAlpha(1.0f)
+                                .setAlphaMode(alphaMode)
+                                .setImageExtent(image_extent);
+
+    return inst.createDisplayPlaneSurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
+}
+
+void Demo::run_display() {
+    while (!quit) {
+        draw();
+        curFrame++;
+
+        if (frameCount != INT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
+            quit = true;
+        }
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+#if _WIN32
+// Include header required for parsing the command line options.
+#include <shellapi.h>
+
+Demo demo;
+
+// MS-Windows event handling function:
+LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
+    switch (uMsg) {
+        case WM_CLOSE:
+            PostQuitMessage(validation_error);
+            break;
+        case WM_PAINT:
+            demo.run();
+            break;
+        case WM_GETMINMAXINFO:  // set window's minimum size
+            ((MINMAXINFO *)lParam)->ptMinTrackSize = demo.minsize;
+            return 0;
+        case WM_SIZE:
+            // Resize the application to the new window size, except when
+            // it was minimized. Vulkan doesn't support images or swapchains
+            // with width=0 and height=0.
+            if (wParam != SIZE_MINIMIZED) {
+                demo.width = lParam & 0xffff;
+                demo.height = (lParam & 0xffff0000) >> 16;
+                demo.resize();
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+    }
+
+    return (DefWindowProc(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam));
+}
+
+int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR pCmdLine, int nCmdShow) {
+    // TODO: Gah.. refactor. This isn't 1989.
+    MSG msg;    // message
+    bool done;  // flag saying when app is complete
+    int argc;
+    char **argv;
+
+    // Ensure wParam is initialized.
+    msg.wParam = 0;
+
+    // Use the CommandLine functions to get the command line arguments.
+    // Unfortunately, Microsoft outputs
+    // this information as wide characters for Unicode, and we simply want the
+    // Ascii version to be compatible
+    // with the non-Windows side.  So, we have to convert the information to
+    // Ascii character strings.
+    LPWSTR *commandLineArgs = CommandLineToArgvW(GetCommandLineW(), &argc);
+    if (nullptr == commandLineArgs) {
+        argc = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (argc > 0) {
+        argv = (char **)malloc(sizeof(char *) * argc);
+        if (argv == nullptr) {
+            argc = 0;
+        } else {
+            for (int iii = 0; iii < argc; iii++) {
+                size_t wideCharLen = wcslen(commandLineArgs[iii]);
+                size_t numConverted = 0;
+
+                argv[iii] = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * (wideCharLen + 1));
+                if (argv[iii] != nullptr) {
+                    wcstombs_s(&numConverted, argv[iii], wideCharLen + 1, commandLineArgs[iii], wideCharLen + 1);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        argv = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    demo.init(argc, argv);
+
+    // Free up the items we had to allocate for the command line arguments.
+    if (argc > 0 && argv != nullptr) {
+        for (int iii = 0; iii < argc; iii++) {
+            if (argv[iii] != nullptr) {
+                free(argv[iii]);
+            }
+        }
+        free(argv);
+    }
+
+    demo.connection = hInstance;
+    strncpy(demo.name, "cube", APP_NAME_STR_LEN);
+    demo.create_window();
+    demo.init_vk_swapchain();
+
+    demo.prepare();
+
+    done = false;  // initialize loop condition variable
+
+    // main message loop
+    while (!done) {
+        PeekMessage(&msg, nullptr, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE);
+        if (msg.message == WM_QUIT)  // check for a quit message
+        {
+            done = true;  // if found, quit app
+        } else {
+            /* Translate and dispatch to event queue*/
+            TranslateMessage(&msg);
+            DispatchMessage(&msg);
+        }
+        RedrawWindow(demo.window, nullptr, nullptr, RDW_INTERNALPAINT);
+    }
+
+    demo.cleanup();
+
+    return (int)msg.wParam;
+}
+
+#elif __linux__
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+    Demo demo;
+
+    demo.init(argc, argv);
+
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+    demo.create_xcb_window();
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+    demo.use_xlib = true;
+    demo.create_xlib_window();
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+    demo.create_window();
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
+#endif
+
+    demo.init_vk_swapchain();
+
+    demo.prepare();
+
+#if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
+    demo.run_xcb();
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
+    demo.run_xlib();
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
+    demo.run();
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
+    demo.run_display();
+#endif
+
+    demo.cleanup();
+
+    return validation_error;
+}
+
+#elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK)
+
+// Global function invoked from NS or UI views and controllers to create demo
+static void demo_main(struct Demo &demo, void *view, int argc, const char *argv[]) {
+
+    demo.init(argc, (char **)argv);
+    demo.window = view;
+    demo.init_vk_swapchain();
+    demo.prepare();
+    demo.spin_angle = 0.4f;
+}
+
+#else
+#error "Platform not supported"
+#endif